Dust Allergy: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

Defining Dust Allergy 

Dust allergy, or dust mite allergy, is an allergic reaction to household dust. Dust has many harmful and allergic substances, but dust mites are the most common. The other potential allergens in the dust are pollen, fungal spores, pet dander, droppings of cockroaches, insect debris etc. The dust mites and other allergens in the dust are too small to be seen with the naked eye. The dust mites are closely related to spiders and ticks. In the household, they live comfortably in the bedding, carpets, furniture, and damp and warm areas and feed on dead skin cells and food debris. 

These allergens cause allergic reactions in sensitised people. The body identifies them as foreign agents, and the immune system reacts by producing antibodies (IgE). The resulting immune response causes symptoms like sneezing, stuffy and runny nose, nasal congestion, itching and breathing issues in severe cases. Prevention involves reducing exposure to allergens. However, medications are sometimes required to relieve severe symptoms like rashes, chest tightness, breadth shortness, wheezing and breathing difficulties. Almost half of the people in the UK have at least one type of allergy. 

What is Dust Allergy?

In medical terms, dust allergy is the type 2 hypersensitivity response that occurs in response to the allergens in the dust resulting in the production of antibodies (IgE ) that trigger the symptoms. It is sometimes known as the house dust allergy. The allergens, like pollens, pet dander, mould spores, insect debris, and cockroach dander, are present in indoor settings. 

Is Dust Allergy the same as Dust Mite Allergy?

No, dust mite allergy and dust allergy are closely related, but there is a technical difference. Dust allergy is a broader term for allergic reactions caused by all types of allergens in the dust, like pet dander, mould spores, pollens, etc. The dust mite allergy refers specifically to the dust allergy caused by the debris of mites in the dust. However, given that dust mites are the predominant dust allergens in indoor settings, it is common to refer to the dust mite allergy as just the dust allergy.

Is Dust Allergy and Pollen Allergy the same?

No, pollen and dust allergies are related, but there is a technical difference. Dust allergy is a broader term which refers to allergic reactions caused by all types of allergens in the dust, like pet dander, pollens, dust mites, insect debris etc. Pollen allergy means allergic reactions to the fungal pollens in the dust. The appearance of signs of allergic reactions after exposure to dust means dust allergy. However, the healthcare provider uses different tests to pinpoint the exact cause, like pollens in the dust.  

What Causes Dust Allergy to Triggers?

Various potential allergens are present in the dust (in both outdoor and indoor settings). Exposure to them doesn't always mean an allergic reaction. The allergic reactions happen when the immune system recognises them as foreign agents and becomes sensitised. A second exposure caused the appearance of symptoms. Some common causes and triggers are;

1. Dust mites: Dust mites are the predominant source of allergens, particularly indoors. Different mite species like Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farina (American house dust mite) are found in the house and their debris cause allergies. They are very small to be seen and are often missed with routine cleaning and dusting procedure. 
2. Pollen: Pollen is a powdery material produced by some plants, particularly during spring. Pollens are microscopic and range in size between 23-139 µm. They are carried from one plant to the other by dust and contain pollen grains, the reproductive structures that produce the male gametes. The pollens are present in the outdoor and indoor air unless air filters are installed. Excessive exposure caused allergic reactions.
3. Mould spores: Mold spores are the reproductive structures produced by the mould that grows anywhere where humidity and appropriate temperature is available. They are very small, with a 2-4 µm diameter. High exposure to these spores causes the body to become sensitised and cause allergic reactions.
4. Pet dander: Pets are very common, and 62% of households in the UK own at least one pet (Word Animal Foundation, 2023). However, pet debris like dander, fur, hairs and feathers are potential allergens. The dander is the material shed from the animal body as flakes and causes the symptoms of allergic reactions in pet owners
5. Insects: Insects are present everywhere. Their dropping or the residues and debris of dead insects is a source of allergens like dead cells, exoskeleton fragments, saliva and dropping. 
6. Cockroaches and their droppings: The cockroaches, their dropping, and the residues of dead cockroaches sometimes reach the body and are identified as foreign agents and allergens.

Dust Mites

Dust mite allergy is common in adolescence and childhood; most cases occur before age 20. The mites shed faecal particles in 20 pellets daily, which is 20µm in diameter (similar to pollen). Their small size means they are easily inhaled. Once these allergens are inhaled, a sensitisation reaction occurs. The sensitization reaction causes an increase in the permeability of the epithelial cells, which allows more allergens to reach the cells, causing more allergic reactions. 

The gut of dust mites contains an enzyme called peptidase, the major allergen. It is a digestive enzyme of mites and persists in their dry droppings. Different variants of peptidase allergen are Der f1 and f2 (produced in American household mites), Derm m1 (produced in the Mayne's household dust) and Der p1, p2, p3 (produced in the European household dust mites). The list of allergens is very long, and 24 allergens related to household mites have been identified (Pearl Aggarwal & Senthilkumaran, 2022). The fragments and debris of the exoskeleton of mites are another source of allergens. The Der p1 is the most important cause of dust mite allergy. 

 

The allergens from the household mites are divided into two groups.

Group 1: These are the glycoprotein allergens with cross-reactivity and structural homology to the body proteins that cause reactions. An example is the Der p1 and Der f1.

Group 2: The allergens in the group 2 group have a more pronounced cross-reactivity and structural homology.

After inhalation, these faecal particles reach the epithelium of airways and release their allergens on the mucosal barriers. The allergens cross the mucosal barrier and are caught and processed by the antigen-presenting cells that present them to the immune cells, particularly the B cells that activate and produce IgE. On a second exposure, the inflammatory cells release cytokines and other mediators like histamine that cause allergic reactions.

Pollen

Pollen is a fine powdery product produced by the plants like grasses, weeds and trees and plant parts like flowers etc. For the first time, Pollen allergy was identified by John Bostock, an English physician, in 1819; since then, millions of people have been diagnosed with pollen allergy worldwide. Over 150 plant-origin pollen allergens have been identified in weeds, trees and grasses. Some examples of pollens are Birch pollen (the most common globally), Humulus scandens pollens, oak pollens, grass pollens, ragweed pollen, and Artemisia pollens. 

The pollen allergy rarely comes alone, and 70% of birch pollen allergy patients in the UK have food allergies too. Various factors in the pollen are responsible for pollen allergy. These include plant antigens, pollen proteins, pollen lipids, plant proteases, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase oxidases etc. Each of these components simulates the Immune system in its way.

The pollens are otherwise harmless. However, in some people with an overactive immune system, the immune system identifies them as foreign intruders and reacts to them. The defence cells release proinflammatory chemicals like cytokines and histamine to combat these pollens. These chemicals are responsible for the clinical signs. The activation of B cells results in the production of antibodies (IgE). As soon as a sensitive person is re-exposed to the pollens, these allergic specific IgE antibodies cause cross-linkages and immediate release of proinflammatory chemicals and cause any immediate onset of clinical signs. Allergic reactions to the pollens occur throughout the year. However, they are more common in the haying season (hay fever). 

Mould spores

The term mould is used for the fungal growth that develops on various surfaces, particularly where damp conditions and organic matter are present. The fungus produces spores that travel in the air and cause fungal growth wherever the conditions are favourable. The moulds are resistant and grow on wood, paper, leather, and clothing. The fungus produced different chemicals (like pathogen-associated molecular patterns-PAMPs and damage-associated molecular patterns-DAMPs) that cause the activation of the innate immune system. Mould spores cause all allergic reactions, but the IgE-mediated allergic reaction is responsible for various clinical manifestations like asthma, atopic dermatitis, rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. 

Some mould species are indoor or outdoor, while others are in both settings. In outdoor settings, species like Fusarium, Epicoccum, Botrytis, Caldosporium and Alternaria are present. The peak exposure to these allergens depends upon the species. For example, peak exposure to the spores of Cladosporium is observed in summer (May to August), and for alternaria, it is observed in summer to early fall (July to September). Penicillium and Aspergillus are common in indoor settings.

The fungal spores are very small with a diameter of just 4-5 µm and are identified as foreign agents by the immune system that reacts to cause allergic reactions. A high concentration of spores increases the risk of allergic reactions. According to a scale developed by the National Allergy Bureau, a spore count of less than 6500 per m3 refers to a low concentration, 6500-12,999 spores per m3 as moderate, and 13,000 to 49,999 as high and above 50,000 as very high.

Pet Dander and Hair

The allergic reactions to common household pets (like cats and dogs) are a major public health risk factor influencing 10-20% of people globally. The phenomenon of pet dander and hair allergy has been known for a century. However, despite enormous efforts by immunologists, epidemiologists and allergists, the exact mechanism of how different pet allergens cause sensitization still needs to be better understood. Genetic factors have a role as it tends to run in families. 

It is an allergic reaction to the proteins present in the flakes of dead skin cells shed by the pet and the proteins present in the urine and hairs of the pet. Various pet allergens have been identified, including Felis domesticus 1 (abbreviation: Fel d 1), which is the major cat allergen responsible for sensitization in 95% of the patients having cat allergy. 

The allergens, particularly those from furry animals, are of three types, kallikreins, lipocalins and secretoglobulins. More than 50% of the allergens from furry animals are lipocalins, although Fel d 1 is a secretoglobulin. These allergens are found in urine, saliva and dander. As these allergens are present on very small particles, they are spread easily by airborne dispersion or adherence to the clothes. 

The constant and high-level presence of pet allergens in the environment makes it difficult to avoid them and control the symptoms by reducing exposure. Whenever a person comes in contact with pet allergens, the immune system identifies them as foreign agents (antigens). Consequently, innate and adaptive immune responses are activated, producing antigen-specific antibodies (IgE) and proinflammatory chemicals that cause the clinical signs of the pet allergy. Other types of antibodies, like IgG4, are sometimes produced too. 

Insect Debris

Insects are a useful and mostly harmless component of the environment. Some insects like bees, wasps and mosquitoes cause nuisance by their painful stings and spread diseases like sleeping sickness and malaria. Some insects like yellow jackets, hornets, paper wasps, bees, red ants etc., cause moderate to severe allergic reactions causing symptoms like local reactions leading to pain, swelling and itching, systemic reactions like rashes and anaphylaxis a potentially fatal condition causing rashes, hives and respiratory difficulty. 

Different insects produce different types of allergens. These include body parts, saliva, droppings and exoskeleton of insects like cockroaches and dust mite allergens, the venom of some insects like bees, wasps, yellow jackets and hornets and skin proteins of some insects like beetles, moths, ants and fleas. The allergens from different insects cause allergic reactions of variable severity, and physicians use allergy testing to identify the cause. 

Insect debris is a complex mixture containing fragments of dead insects, components of the exoskeleton of insects, the faecal particles of insects and insect venom etc. Whenever a person already sensitized to these potential allergens comes into contact again, the immune system becomes activated and causes an allergic reaction. The B cells produce the allergen-specific antibodies that recruit and bind to other immune cells like basophils and mast cells. Upon activation, these cells release inflammatory chemicals that cause the symptoms of allergic reactions. The severity of allergic reactions depends upon individual genetic factors, degree of exposure and precious exposure, and some people have more severe reactions than others. 

Cockroaches and Their Droppings

Cockroaches feed on leftover human food particles, rotten food in the garbage, severe water, and dead insects and leave behind small black pepper or ground coffee-like droppings. These droppings attract the other cockroaches on the site, and the mature female uses these droppings to attract the males. However, they cause an unpleasant, musty, lingering smell from the room or living area. The issue continues, as these droppings have different allergen proteins. 

Different protein allergens have been derived from the droppings and debris of cockroaches that cause allergic reactions. Most of these protein allergens are derived from 2 cockroaches species, the Periplaneta Americana (American cockroach) and Blatella germanics (German cockroach), and include per a1, per a2, blag g1, g2, g3, g4 and g5 respectively. The most important cockroach allergen is the blag g 2. 

Whenever a person comes into contact with the droppings and debris of cockroaches, these proteins enter the body, are identified by the immune system and cause sensitisation. The sensitisation response involves the production of IgE antibodies. Whenever a sensitized person is re-exposed to the allergens, the antibodies recruit and bind to other immune cells like mast cells and basophils that cause the release of inflammatory chemicals that cause symptoms of allergic reactions. Among these chemicals, histamine cause dilation of the blood vessels, leading to inflammation, swelling, and discomfort. It influences the respiratory system and causes difficulty breathing, nasal congestion and coughing. A cascade of inflammatory chemicals and events occurs, leading to severe symptoms. 

Can air pollution cause Dust Allergy?

Yes, air pollution triggers the allergic response and exacerbates the symptoms due to other allergens. Air pollution is not a cause of dust allergy in itself. However, dust itself is a type of air pollution, and dusty air often contains different allergens. Different chemicals in polluted air damage the airways and increase the risk of serious allergic reactions. These air pollutants come from household waste and smoke from industrial activities and traffic. A person living in an area with high air pollution already has high stress on the respiratory system, and entering any allergen into the arena causes more severe respiratory symptoms than expected.

Some air pollutants, like particulate matter, are a career of different airborne allergens. The air pollutants irritate the airways and damage respiratory epithelium. These factors make respiratory passages more prone to allergic reactions by increasing the allergenicity of the allergens. So, although air pollution is not an indirect cause, it nevertheless contributes to allergic reactions.

Are there certain foods that can cause Dust Allergy?

No, food is not directly related to the dust allergy. The dust allergy is due to specific allergens in the household dust like dust mites, pollens, insect debris, etc. However, some sensitive individuals experience more severe allergy symptoms by consuming certain foods like hazelnuts, soybeans, milk, milk products, dry fruits, fresh fruits and seafood.  The patients with dust mite allergy need to avoid these foods. It is attributed to some common proteins or similar protein structures in certain foods. 

The so-called oral allergy syndrome is a mild condition and affects 2% of individuals in the UK (allergyuk.org, 2021). The common symptoms are itching, swelling of lips, throat, tongue and mouth and bumps on the mouth and lips. The patients need to consult the doctor in case of these symptoms.

Are there certain medications that can cause Dust Allergy?

No, dust allergy occurs due to exposure to some dust-born allergens and medications don't have any direct effects. However, some medications like NSAIDs (ibuprofen and aspirin) exacerbate the symptoms in individuals with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Similarly, beta blockers and other drugs used for hypertension sometimes trigger hypersensitivity reactions. In theory, an allergic reaction is a rare side of all drugs and medications. So, the patients need to monitor the signs and report them to the physician if noted. 

What are the common Symptoms of Dust Allergy?

Dust allergy causes various symptoms, mostly related to the inflammation and allergy of the upper airways. The symptoms range from mild to severe. Only sneezing, watery eyes and runny nose are noted in mild cases. In severe cases, more severe symptoms like facial flushing,swellings, congestion, coughing, sneezing and occasionally severe symptoms like respiratory difficulty and rashes are observed. The patients experience a flare-up of already present allergic, infectious or autoimmune conditions like asthma, atopic dermatitis, rhinosinusitis, lupus etc. 

The common symptoms are; 

1. Fatigue: Fatigue and physical exhaustion is a common sign of all illnesses and results from deficient appetite, the feeling of sickness and comprised energy metabolism.
2. Coughing: The dust allergens enter the body through the respiratory route, and a local reaction in the upper airways causes dry and non-productive cough.
3. Shortness of breath: It is observed in severe allergic reactions when essential respiratory functions are compromised. It is experienced by patients with allergic rhinitis.
4. Wheezing: Wheezing is a coarse, rattling and shrill sound experienced with breath. These sounds are produced when the respiratory passages have narrowed, and a person tries to breathe against more friction. The sounds occur during inhalation and exhalation but are more prominent with exhaled air.
5. Postnasal drip: It develops due to the collection of mucus in the back area of the throat resulting in sore throat, cough and congestion. It is common in different respiratory issues like allergies, colds, and sinusitis.
6. Chest tightness: It is a feeling of squeezing or crushing in the chest and develops in many infections like allergies, lung issues, digestive issues, injuries, cardiovascular issues etc., and is a sign of severe health issues. A sharp and persistent pain and tightness in the chest is often a sign of a heart attack.
7. Sinus headaches: The sinus headaches develop due to prolonged infections of the upper respiratory tract and nares which ascend into the sinuses, the empty spaces between the facial bones and muscles. Pain and pressure in the sinuses and face is a major signs. 
8. Runny or stuffy nose: It develops due to the accumulation of local infection in the upper respiratory tract, particularly in the nares leading to excessive mucus production.
9. Sneezing: Sneezing is a sudden and unexpected outburst of air from the lungs that is expelled through the mouth and nose. It is a nervous action and is linked to the inflammation of trigeminal nerve which is linked to the so-called sneezing center located in the brain stem that sends the sneezing signals. Sneezing is used by the body to eliminate allergens and other pollutants.
10. Itchy or watery eyes: These signs reflect a local allergic reaction in the eyes due to eye drops, use of some beauty products, pollen, dust mites, animal fur or mould spores. The immune response causes the release of histamine that dilates the blood vessels in the eyes and irritates the local nerve endings.

These signs demand immediate attention, and the patients must discuss them with the doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Fatigue

Fatigue is the feeling of exhaustion or wearing down, commonly observed after some stress, exertion or physical labour. In medical terms, it is the temporary or permanent loss of ability to any stimulation generated at the motor or sensory ends. Tiredness is experienced in allergic reactions, but the extent and duration are variable. Some people note little sleepiness, particularly in the afternoon, while others experience severe debilitating weakness that prevents them from carrying out routine life activities. 

Allergic fatigue occurs when the body fends against foreign intruders (antigens). It is just like a country dealing with foreign invasion often becomes drained of resources and goes bankrupt. During allergic reactions, allergens like dust mites, pollens, dander or mould spores cause inflammation, and fatigue and tiredness are among the signs of inflammation. Moreover, some allergic symptoms like coughing, nasal congestion and sneezing disturb nighttime sleep and cause sleepiness and tiredness during the day. 

Some medications used to treat allergic reactions like antihistamines cause drowsiness and fatigue as a side effect as these medications are used to suppress the overactive immune system. So, it is important to work with the doctor to find out the allergens causing the reactions, avoid exposure to common allergens, take medications for allergic reactions regularly and consult the doctor to identify other causes of debilitation and fatigue. Once the cause is diagnosed, the patients need to discuss different treatment options like allergy shots with the doctor.

Coughing

Coughing is a sudden act of expulsion of air from the lungs producing a short yet sharp noise. It is an involuntary and protective action taken by the body to get rid of pulmonary disturbances or allergens and is often accompanied by mucus production. People sensitive to pollens, mould spores, pet dander and dust mites are highly likely to experience cough after exposure (American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology). Cough during allergy results from inflammation and irritation in the airways that occur as the body responds to the allergens. 

The allergic cough in response to the allergens originates from the upper or lower respiratory tract or both sites. Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) is an allergic reaction in the upper respiratory tract and causes coughing. One of the consequences of regular and persistent exposure to the allergens is the postnasal drip in which the allergens cause extra mucus production in the nasal passages. The drainage of mucus into the throat cause dry cough. 

Allergic asthma is a major allergic condition of the lungs which occurs as the allergens reach the lungs. Experiencing signs of allergy alongside rapid breathing, breadth shortness, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing is a sign of allergic reactions in the lower respiratory tract. The allergic cough sometimes responds well to home remedies. However, if they fail, the patients need to consult the doctor, particularly if there are symptoms like unexpected and sudden weight loss, continuous coughing for more than three weeks and breathing difficulties.

Shortness of Breadth 

Breadth shortness or shortness of breath is the feeling of suffocation due to the inability to breathe normally. It is known as dyspnea in the medical terminology. It causes signs like breathlessness, breathing difficulty, air hunger and severe tightness in the chest. Different allergens in the dust influence the air passageways to cause it. Allergic rhinitis (hay fever) commonly affects the sinuses, nose and other areas of the upper respiratory tract. In severe cases, it results in severe difficulty breathing from the nose. 

Besides dust allergy, shortness of breath is common in allergic asthma, food allergy, insect sting, and drug allergies. Allergic asthma is the most common cause of hospital admissions, with the primary complaint of shortness of breath. It is experienced by 5% of the general population in developed and developing countries (Johanna Pakkasela and colleagues, 2020). The other symptoms accompanying are non-productive cough, chest tightness and wheezing. 

Dust allergy is not the sole cause of the breadth shortness. Several other factors like acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure, COVID-19, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, cancer, anaemia and various minor issues like pregnancy, pulmonary hypertension, panic attacks, interstitial lung disease, cardiac tamponade and anaphylaxis etc., often cause chest tightness. It is a severe and potentially dangerous condition, and the patients need to avoid self-medication and consult the doctor for diagnosis and treatment.

Wheezing 

Wheezing means a difficult breath that accompanies a whistling sound. It is a high-pitched, musical and adventitious sound produced anywhere between the larynx and distal. It occurs both during inhalation and exhalation but is more common during exhalation of air as the chest muscles exert extra pressure to push the air out, leading to more friction. It is a sign of inflammation of air passages or allergic reactions that constrict airways. A whistle-like wheezing sound appears when a person tries to take a breath from narrow passages. It is experienced in asthma and allergic reactions, as both cause the airways to narrow and clog with mucus. 

When the body comes into contact with any allergens, the immune system responds by producing antibodies and inflammatory chemicals like histamine and cytokines that cause the symptom. If the allergic reactions influence the air passageways, respiratory symptoms like wheezing appear. Wheezing makes it very difficult for a person to breathe, so the patients need to consult the doctor, particularly if there are signs like recurrent wheezing, wheezing after known exposure to the allergens, bluishness of skin, rapid breathing, the start of wheezing after taking some foods, drinks, medications or being exposed to any allergens and swelling of face and lips. 

Depending upon the severity, it is divided into four types; mild intermittent, mild persistent, moderate persistent and severe persistent. After diagnosis using the tests like sputum eosinophils, provocative tests, imaging, allergy testing or nitric oxide testing, the doctors start treatment. The standard treatment protocol is the use of bronchodilators and inhalers. Depending upon the severity, the doctor has to choose more options like antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, steroids etc.

Postnasal drip 

Postnasal drip means the flow of mucous from the posterior nasal cavity into the pharynx wall and is a chronic sequela of allergic reactions. The mucus buildup in the nasal cavity drips into the throat, causing cough, hoarseness and high urge to clear the throat. The feeling of mucus drainage into the throat is very unpleasant in itself. 

There are many different causative factors, e.g., allergies (allergic postnasal drip), deviation of the septum, bacterial infections of the sinuses (sinusitis), flu, colds, pregnancy, exposure to bright lights, acid reflux, eating spicy foods and taking some medications like contraceptives and hypertension drugs. It develops in the dust allergy because the allergens settle into the upper respiratory tract, causing mucus production due to localized immune response. It is not contagious in itself. However, the viral causes of postnasal drip are contagious. Some symptoms like vomiting, nausea, nighttime coughing and bad breath are difficult to live with. 

In case of these symptoms, the patients must consult the doctor to diagnose the cause based on the clinical examination, nasal endoscopy, and x-rays. Allergy testing is done to find the allergic causes. The treatment of allergic postnasal drip involves avoiding exposure to the suspected or identified allergens and using drugs like antihistamines (like loratadine, pseudo-epinephrine, oral steroids, steroids, nasal sprays and decongestants). 

In severe and chronic allergic reactions, immunotherapy using antiallergic drops under the tongue or allergy shots are effective. For infectious causes, antibiotic therapy is recommended. As with other symptoms of allergic reactions, prevention by avoiding exposure to allergens is the best therapy.

Chest tightness

Chest tightness is the feeling of tightness, burning, fullness and pressure in the chest. It is a sign of many things ranging from harmless to severe life-threatening conditions. It is not specific to the allergic reactions and is due to many other factors. Any disease increasing the internal pressure causes chest tightness. Some medical conditions causing chest tightness are allergic reactions, musculoskeletal injuries, lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, digestive (gastrointestinal) diseases and psychological issues. 

The allergic reactions cause chest congestion by causing constriction and inflammation of the lower airways (bronchi), including the lungs and excessive mucus buildup. It is a method used by the immune system to get rid of infectious agents and allergens and protect the lungs and respiratory airways. During allergic reactions, the chemicals like histamine cause swelling and inflammation of the mucus membranes of the airways. The mucus and swelling constrict the airways, causing a feeling of tightness in the chest.

The airways are highly sensitive to allergens or other triggers in allergic people. The airways respond more quickly to dust allergens causing more muscle contractions. Moreover, dust allergy is closely linked to the conditions like asthma, a chronic condition causing the narrowing down and inflammation of the airways. Exposure to dust allergens sometimes triggers asthma leading to chest tightness. 

The allergic response causes various other symptoms of allergic reactions by influencing other organs and is easy to spot. These symptoms include fatigue, headache, itchy and red eyes, sneezing and stuffy or runny nose. The symptoms often resolve spontaneously without any treatment, particularly for the noninfectious and nonallergic causes. Exposure to the allergen needs to be avoided in case of diagnosis of the allergic causes. The available treatment options are antihistamines, bronchodilators, inhaled or oral corticosteroids, decongestants and immunotherapy.

Sinus Headaches

Sinuses are air-filled empty spaces in the skull. They are located behind the eyes, nasal bones, cheeks and forehead. A total of 4 sinuses are present in pairs. Healthy sinuses are free from germs and are well-drained. They are responsible for various functions like decreasing the head's weight, heating and humidifying the inhaled air, protecting the sensitive structures in the nasal cavity in case of trauma and increasing the resonance of the voice, particularly during speech. 

Sinus headaches are the outcome of swelling and inflammation in the sinuses that causes the blockage of the opening of the sinuses. It prevents the drainage of sinuses, resulting in the development of pressure inside them. The sinus pain and headache are localized on the blocked sinus. Sometimes, pain occurs on the face with or without the headache. The allergic reactions cause swelling of the opening of these spaces, causing the blockage of the opening and buildup of pressure inside them. The bacteria present nearby seize the opportunity and cause infection. The area around the blocked sinuses becomes painful and tender to the touch. 

Moderate to severe pain in the sinuses develop during the dust and other allergies. It starts in the morning, and the intensity decreases as a person changes his position from lying flat to upright standing or sitting. The sinus headaches sometimes occur as clusters (cluster headaches), but such pain is unrelated to allergic reactions. The sinus headaches due to the allergic reactions are disturbing and painful and disrupt normal life. Some common triggers are foods (like shellfish, eggs, milk, nuts, and peanuts), mould spores, pet dander and fur, dust and hay fever. 

In case of allergic sinus headaches, the patients need to seek the help of an allergist to find the cause and get proper treatment. Some other causes of sinus and other types of headaches like stroke, glaucoma, physical and emotional stresses, dehydration, concussion, cold, flu, changes in the sleeping patterns, disturbed sleep, poisoning, brain tumour and blood clots etc., are to be considered.

Runny or stuffy nose

A runny nose is a sign of an acute inflammatory response or allergic reaction in the nasal cavity (allergic rhinitis). These factors cause the production of thin and watery mucoid discharge. As the infection progress, the secretions become purulent and increase in thickness. The swelling of the linings of the respiratory tract develops, causing the nose to become stuffy. Sometimes, both conditions develop simultaneously due to the seedling of respiratory lesions during acute inflammation or allergy. 

During the dust mite allergy, the linings of the nasal cavity of the sensitized person become highly reactive to the allergens. As the allergen lands in the nasal cavity, localized reactions cause the increased production of mucus, causing a runny nose. As the allergy progresses, the inflammatory response causes the swelling of the nasal linings leading to partial blockage of the openings and a stuffy feeling. 

A person with a dust allergy is sensitized to the dust allergens like dust mites, pollens, mould spores and pet dander. Whenever a person comes into contact with these allergens, the immune response causes swelling and irritation of the nasal passages, causing a stuffy and runny nose. The antibodies (IgE) produced in response to the allergic reactions attach to the mast cells present throughout the body, including the nose. 

In the next exposure, the attachment of antibodies to the mast cells causes the release of pro-inflammatory chemicals like cytokines and histamine that causes the dilation of blood vessels in the nose, causing swelling and a blocked (stuffy) nose. The histamine stimulates mucus production, which coupled with the swelling, causes a stuffy nose.

Sneezing

Sneeze is a violent and sudden expulsion of breath through the mouth and nose. It is a reflex action and is accompanied by a loud sound. It is a mechanism used by the respiratory system to ward off the germs and allergens. Sneezing is a sign of respiratory infections or allergies, including allergic rhinitis, which occurs when a sensitized person comes into contact with the dust allergens like pollens, pet dander, dust mites and spores. 

 

The immune system recognizes the allergens and mounts innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune system produces allergen-specific antibodies (IgE) that bind to and recruit other cells at the site of allergic reaction and cause localized inflammation. The resulting release of inflammatory mediators like histamine, cytokines and interleukins causes the dilation of blood vessels and increases the permeability of the cells in the respiratory system. As a result, the allergen exposure increases, leading to more nasal irritation. The irritation stimulates the nerve endings in the respiratory epithelium that causes sneezing reflux which causes a forceful and loud expulsion of air to remove the allergens and irritants.

 

It is important to remember that dust allergy is not the sole cause of sneezing, and many factors like cold, exposure to chemical fumes, and other factors cause sneezing. The presence of other signs of allergy, like nasal congestion, postnasal drip, runny and watery eyes etc., after known exposure to allergens confirms the cause. The extent and severity of signs are person specific. It is a mild sign and not a serious issue unless more severe signs accompany it and persist for a long time. 

Itchy and watery eyes

 

Itchiness means severe discomfort and irritation that cause a strong urge to rub the eyes. It affects one or both eyes and is a sign of allergic reactions or ocular inflammation. One or both of the eyes are involved. Watery eyes result from excessive tear production by the tear glands in the eyes. The body produced tears to keep the eyes wet and clear the dust and debris. When the eyes are exposed to dust, allergens or irritants, tear production increases to expel them from the eyes. 

 

When the eyes of a sensitized person come into contact with allergens, the immune system responds and causes allergic conjunctivitis. The release of antibodies and inflammatory chemicals causes the dilation of blood vessels, which appear red and swollen. It causes irritation, which induces the urge to scratch and rub and further aggravates the symptoms. Besides allergies, some other factors responsible for watery eyes are exposure to eye irritants like chemicals, particles, smoke etc., and dry eye syndrome, in which the lubricant production is reduced, causing more friction and severe signs. 

 

Some eye infections like pink eye disease (keratoconjunctivitis) and various bacterial and viral infections cause it. Sometimes, severe eye strain like exposure to strong light, excessive screen time and focusing on luminous objects are responsible. Other signs of allergic reactions accompany, like eye irritation and redness due to allergic reactions, while pus is used to differentiate the infectious causes. The patients need to consult the doctor in case of prolonged irritation and itching, as excessive dryness and irritation damage the vision.

Is Ear Congestion also a sign of Dust Allergy?

Yes, a person with Dust allergy sometimes develops ear congestion as a secondary issue. It happens because the throat is linked to the middle ear through small passages called the eustachian tubes. The main function of these tubes is to drain the fluids and regulate the air pressure in the ear cavity. When there is an allergic reaction in the throat and nasal cavity, the inflammation and allergy sometimes extend into the middle ear from these tubules. The blockage and constriction of these tubules cause ear congestion. Sometimes, the inflammation and congestion in the nasal cavity cause partial or complete dysfunction of the eustachian tubes. Without the drainage of the fluids and proper ventilation, a feeling of fullness and high pressure develops in the ears. It is, however very rare event. 

Is Facial pain or pressure a symptom of Dust Allergy?

Yes, facial pressure and pain are occasional signs of dust allergy. It develops when the allergy causes the constriction of the opening of the sinuses, causing sinus inflammation, congestion and sinus headaches. The lack of proper drainage causes the accumulation of fluids in the sinuses and bacterial infections, causing pain and redness on the face around the sinuses. 

If the allergens reach the sinuses, the inflammation of the lining of the sinuses develops, causing it to become swollen, causing pain around the eyes, forehead and cheeks. The sinus headaches result from the inflammation and congestion of the sinuses. These headaches cause pain and redness around the eyes. However, allergic reactions are not the sole cause of the pressure and pain in the face, and the patients need to consult the doctor to identify the cause. 

Does a person experience Difficulty breathe when having Dust Allergy?

Yes, breathing difficulties are common in allergic reactions, including dust allergies. These signs are experienced as the allergens settle in the respiratory system and lungs, leading to the conditions like allergic asthma. After exposure to dust allergens, the body releases antibodies and proinflammatory chemicals like cytokines and histamine. These chemicals cause inflammation and constriction of airways, causing respiratory difficulties. 

The allergic reactions in the upper respiratory tract cause inflammation and swelling of the nasal passages that obstruct airflow. If the person has ongoing conditions like asthma and rhinitis, the dust allergy exacerbates it, causing severe wheezing and cough.

When Do Dust Allergy Symptoms Usually Appear?

Dust allergy, as seen in allergic rhinitis, is an immediate hypersensitivity response that develops within minutes to hours after exposure. The timing of the onset of clinical signs depends upon many individual factors and previous exposure to allergens. The symptoms develop quickly after exposure for the previously exposed people as the antibodies are already present in the blood that recruit the mast cells that rapidly undergo degranulation to release histamine. 

At the same time, the symptoms take hours to days in previously unexposed people. The duration of symptoms is variable. Besides, the degree of exposure to the allergens is important, as a high degree of exposure cause quicker signs than a low degree of exposure. 

How is Dust Allergy diagnosed?

The presumptive diagnosis is based on the appearance of clinical signs. The allergists ask questions about the exposure to the allergens in the recent past. After history taking, a complete physical examination helps the physicians to identify the signs. Besides, some diagnostic tests are useful. 

Physical examination: During a physical examination, the doctor is interested to know about the living habits, the presence of pets in the house, the exposure to dust, and overall living and working conditions. A common process is to examine the condition of the nasal mucosa with the help of a lighted instrument to see any swelling or abnormal discolouration, like a bluish or pale tinge.

Skin allergy test (skin prick test): A skin allergy test is useful to identify the allergen causing the symptoms. An allergist performs the test. In the skin allergy test, several purified extracts of different potential allergens, including those present in the dust, are pricked on the skin's surface. It is done on the forearm or upper back. After 15 minutes of the prick, the skin is observed for signs of allergic reactions. If a person is allergic to a specific allergen, a painful, itchy, red bump develops at the site where the extract was pricked. The test causes pain, irritation and itching. However, it is short-lived and disappears within 25-30 minutes. 

Blood testing: Skin prick testing is not useful for all people, particularly those taking medications for allergic reactions or those with skin conditions. They are not comforting for all people. So, the allergists recommended taking blood tests. In blood tests, a blood sample is taken and tested for antibodies against various suspected allergens. Once the allergen is identified, the treatment becomes easy. 

What Health Tests Are Typically Used to Confirm a Diagnosis?

Blood tests are used to diagnose dust allergies. These tests detect and measure IgE antibodies produced in response to the allergens. The body produces different types of antibodies for each type of allergen. Consequently, the antibody test has different variants, like total IgE and specific IgE tests. Other names of antibody test are ELISA, CAP, and RAAST. In total IgE rest, the total amount of antibodies produced in response to all allergens is determined.

In contrast, the antibodies produced in response to each antigen are calculated separately in the specific IgE test. The test is easy and pain-free if performed quickly. The only issue is the small amount of pain experienced at the site of inserting a needle while it is temporary.

Moreover, no specific preparations are needed for that test. The blood test is not always accurate, like any other biochemical test. False positive results are often experienced means there is a positive test in the absence of any signs. Likewise, false negative results are experienced in which the test is negative in the presence of signs of allergy. Such responses commonly occur if the test is performed after eating some foods that cause allergic reactions or taking drugs for allergic reactions. So, the doctors rely on clinical examination, history and blood tests to make a final conclusion.

Is it Necessary for Someone with A Dust Allergy to See a Doctor?

Yes, sometimes, it becomes necessary for a person with a dust allergy to consult the doctor, particularly with severe symptoms. The mild allergy symptoms, like sneezing and runny nose, recover within a few days with mild care. However, the patients must consult the doctor for severe symptoms like breathing difficulty, wheezing, and nasal congestion. Similarly, consultation is necessary if the milder symptoms persist for over a week. As the signs of dust allergy are common to many other respiratory diseases, the patients need to enrol the help of a doctor to diagnose the cause of the symptoms precisely.

Is Self-Diagnosis of Dust Allergies Possible?

Yes, self-diagnosis is sometimes helpful to make an educated guess about the cause of symptoms, particularly if the patient has a history of allergic reactions and there is a known exposure to any allergen in the past. However, the findings of self-diagnosis are not definite. The presence of some pronounced signs of allergic reactions like frequent sneezing, stuffy and runny nose, watery and itchy eyes, postnasal drip, coughing, difficulty breathing and wheezing after exposure to an allergen provide a useful self-diagnosis. 

However, these symptoms are common to many other respiratory infections like asthma, pneumonia, etc. In the absence of any history of allergic reactions, the patients need to take the help of a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. 

Is Dust Allergies More Common in Certain Ages?

Dust allergies affect people of all ages, including children, young and babies. Younger children and older adults are more prone to all immune-related issues. Children's immune systems are underdeveloped and have not yet been exposed to many new allergens. Likewise, the immune system of older people is very weak and incompetent, and they are likely to experience abnormal aberrations of the immune system, including dust allergy. The severity and duration of allergic reactions in these people are likely more than those of young and healthy individuals with sound immune systems. 

Can Dust allergy trigger an Asthma attack?

Yes, various allergens in the dust, like dust mites, pet dander, pollen and mould spores, are among the most common triggers of allergic asthma. Asthma outbreaks are more common in the dusty season and during harvesting when the air is loaded with pollens. Precautions like closing down the windows and doors, installing the air filters and air conditioners, avoiding the use of carpets, regularly cleaning the carpets, using covers made of allergen-proof covers, using masks in dusty places and staying away from pets or at least keeping them away from the bedroom are very helpful to reduce the danger.

Similarly, as moulds grow in damp areas, keeping the house dry and avoiding unnecessary dampness is helpful. In short, allergic reactions to dust allergens are important asthma triggers, and an asthmatic person needs to stay away from them. 

What are the common Treatments for Dust Allergy?

The first option is to avoid exposure to allergens. The practice ensures fewer issues; if they occur, these practices reduce the risk of more severe issues. However, avoiding the allergens completely is impossible, and medical intervention is most often necessary. The following treatment options are available;

1. Immunotherapy: The immune system is trained not to be sensitive to a given allergen. In the immunitherapy, allergy shots or sublingual tablets are used, which expose the body to short and manageable doses of different allergens and reduce the sensitivity of the body to these allergens.  
2. Medication: Various medications are promising to manage the symptoms and treat the cause of dust allergy. These include antihistamines which reduce the production of inflammation chemicals; corticosteroids that treat inflammation and irritation; decongestants that help treat the congestion of tissues in the nasal cavity (nasal congestion) and leukotriene modifiers that block the Activities of proinflammatory chemicals. 
3. Dehumidifiers: Excessive humidity in the living room or bedroom, particularly during the rainy season, increases the fungal growth and, thus, the load of mould spores in the environment. So, installing dehumidifiers in the bedroom and working places is a worthwhile option, particularly if a person is allergic to dust spores. 
4. Nasal saline rinses: Salt water rinse is used in a squeezed bottle or a neti pot to flush out the irritants and thickened mucus from the nasal cavity and sinuses. Commercial preparations are available. However, a mild saline solution (0.9%)  prepared in distilled and pure water is occasionally used. 

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a preventive therapy which involves giving gradual doses of the allergens to which a person is sensitive. It causes a change in the immune system and makes it less sensitive to that specific allergen. It leads to the production of blocking antibodies to the allergens and lessens the symptoms during future encounters with that allergen. Before the therapy, the allergist used a blood or skin test to identify the specific allergen. 

Various types and modes of immunotherapy are available, like Allergy shots and sublingual immunotherapy. During allergy shots (known as subcutaneous immunotherapy-SCIT), incremental doses of a specific allergen are injected at regular intervals to desensitize the immune system to that allergen. It is the most effective method of immunotherapy, and a 2020 review published in the Journal of Asthma and Allergy involving 98 studies found that SCIT reduced the medication score and short-term symptoms in children and adults (Arianna Giannetti and colleagues, 2020).  

During sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), the allergens are introduced as sublingual tablets. It is a less effective method than allergy shots. Nevertheless, the SLIT therapy caused a significant decrease in the medication score after 12, 24 and 36 months of regular treatment (Shahid and colleagues, 2021). 

The side effects of immunotherapy depend upon the method being used, and the sublingual method is safer than the injection. The common side effects of sublingual immunotherapy tablets are itching in the mouth and ear, swelling at the back part of the mouth, swollen vulva, swelling of lips and tongue, pain, ulcer or sore on the tongue, sores and ulcers in the mouth, tickle, irritation and swelling in the throat, taste disturbances and diarrhoea. 

The allergy shots are safer when applied correctly. However, as they contain allergens, reactions nevertheless occur. The local reactions include redness, swelling and irritation at the application site, and the systemic reactions include hives, sneezing, nasal congestion, chest tightness, wheezing and swelling in serious cases. Rarely a severe and life-threatening anaphylactic reaction occurs, causing breathing difficulties. Most of the side effects are transient and end within a few hours. The serious ones need to be reported to the doctor. 

Medications

The medical treatment of dust allergy involves using antihistamines, corticosteroids, decongestants and leukotriene modifiers. 

The antihistamines lower the production of inflammation chemicals like cytokines, histamine and interleukins, which are responsible for most clinical signs. They relieve the symptoms like runny nose, itching and sneezing. Some antihistamines are available over the counter, like loratadine (Claritin®, Alavert®), fexofenadine (Allegra®), cetirizine and some antihistamine syrups for babies, while others are available on prescription, like olopatadine (Patanase®) and azelastine (Astepro®). 

Corticosteroids are delivered orally or as a nasal spray and reduce the symptoms of allergic reactions. Nasal steroids are much safer with lower side effects than oral ones. The common corticosteroids used are ciclesonide (Omnaris®), triamcinolone (Nasacort®) and mometasone furoate (Nasonex®).  

Decongestants reduce congestion by relieving swelling. Many OTC products are available which combine a decongestant with an antihistamine. These drugs increase blood pressure, and patients with heart disease, glaucoma or hypertension must avoid them. Decongestants for over three consecutive days are not recommended as they increase nasal congestion. 

Leukotriene modifiers cause the blockage of the effects of immune chemicals in the body. Montelukast and zafirlukast are common example. However, it causes side effects like fever, headache, and upper respiratory tract infections, in addition to depression and mood swings.

Dehumidifiers

Besides the humidity, the dehumidifiers remove dust and allergens from the air. By managing the humidity levels, the humidifiers control mould growth and reduce mould spores in the inside air. Using a humidifier to achieve a humidity level of 45-50% is helpful for people who are allergic to mould spores. Besides the mould spores, a dehumidifier keeps the growth of dust mites and eliminates them. 

Humidifiers are very effective as a humidity level of 50% is not just comfortable for humans; it kills dust mites and reduces fungal growth, both the major sources of indoor dust allergens. Patients with allergic rhinitis and other dust allergy issues experienced benefits from installing dehumidifiers in their houses. 

The humidifiers have many potential side effects. They make the air dry and are unnecessary or even counterproductive for people living in dry environments like deserts or if the room is heated using electric or gas heaters. Too much dry air increases the risk of pneumonia and other respiratory issues. Sometimes, they cause extremely low humidity leading to dehydration, dry cough and stuffy nose. These issues demand care and vigilance in the use of dehumidifiers.

Nasal Saline Rinses

In nasal saline rinsing (nasal lavage, douching, washing or irrigation), a hypertonic or isotonic saline solution is used to rinse the nasal cavity. It is done using a squirt bottle or spray pump with a lower positive pressure, gravity-based pressure, or nebulizers. Different concentrations of saline solutions are available OTC, used alone or combined with other therapies. The procedure of nasal irrigation is easy. The patient needs to prepare the irrigation solution, prepare the container after pouring the saline solution in it, position themselves properly by leaning over the sink, thoroughly rinse and blow the nose and then wash the instruments after the procedure. 

Nasal irrigation with the saline solution is a simple yet effective way to relieve the symptoms associated with allergies and upper respiratory tract infections. Many people have reported benefits after a single use. A safe procedure ensures no side effects. Some people experienced burning and stinging in the nose after the procedure. However, the issue is manageable by lowering the amount of salt in the water and avoiding using too hot or too cold water. Contaminated water poses a small risk of introducing infection like water-born Naegleria. Using boiled and distilled water to sterilize it is very important. 

What is the best treatment for severe Dust Allergy reaction?

The best treatment for dust allergy reaction is preventing exposure to the allergens. As dust allergens are too common to be avoided, a combination of drugs and prevention therapies offers the best way out. It needs to be understood that there is nothing like an ideal treatment. A combination of different treatments works best as there are many dust allergy symptoms. A good combination is to combine corticosteroids (like fluticasone propionate, mometasone furoate and triamcinolone), antihistamines (like fexofenadine, cetirizine and loratadine) and decongestants (Zyrtec-D®). 

Another best treatment option is Cromolyn sodium. It is available as a nasal spray and reduces swelling and inflammation in the respiratory system. It relieves the symptoms like nasal congestion, sneezing and runny nose. It is well tolerated in therapeutic doses. However, heavy doses cause side effects like dizziness and headache. It needs to be used every 4-6 hours, depending upon the severity of the condition. However, these medications are only likely to give temporary relief, and the patients need to discuss more advanced options like immunotherapy with the allergist. 

Are over-the-counter remedies effective for treating Dust Allergies?

Yes, over-the-counter remedies like saline nasal washes, decongestants as nasal sprays, corticosteroid sprays (like Nasacort® and Flonase®), and various OTC antihistamines do offer some degree of relief, particularly for young people with healthy immune systems. Their effectiveness varies from person to person, and people with poor immunity or those suffering from autoimmune diseases need prescription medications. The OTC treatments don't treat the underlying cause, which is responsible for the symptoms, and the patients are advised to consult the allergist or at least a general physician for guidance. 

Are Dust Allergy medications available in an Online Pharmacy?

Yes, several online pharmacies are authorized to sell medications for dust allergies, and it is a convenient way for many people who are unable or don't want to visit the pharmacy. Many pharmacies are authorized by the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) to provide dust allergy medications online. However, the patients need to ensure that the pharmacy is registered with the GPhC and that their registration details are available on their website. For better safety, patients need to consult the doctor for any new medication, even if it is available over the counter at online pharmacies. For their good, the patients are advised not to rely solely on online pharmacies and don't take them as substitutes for medical advice. 

How long does Dust Allergy last?

The duration of dust allergy is highly variable, and it depends on factors like the level of exposure to allergens, the nature of the allergens, the status of the immune system and the nature and severity of the treatment and prevention options used. Generally speaking, dust allergy is a chronic condition that lasts for years and even a lifetime. Only a good combination of treatment and prevention ensures some results. 

Occasionally, recurrences occur as a person is re-exposed to the allergens next time. It occurs because antibodies against that allergen are present in the blood, ensuring quick results after the next exposure. Management and control measures aim to reduce the severity and frequency of symptoms. The unique nature of the Immune system and allergy result in many seasonal reoccurrences. Additionally, not all allergic reactions occur simultaneously after exposure, and some delayed reactions take days to develop. Formulating a comprehensive plan that covers all these aspects of allergy prevention after consultation with the doctor is important. 

How long does it take for Dust Allergy to settle?

The settlement of dust allergy means the improvement of major symptoms of allergic reactions. It means a situation where symptoms have become manageable and less severe. Over time, the immune system changes and becomes less sensitive to common allergens. The measures like treatment and reducing exposure to allergens facilitate the settling process. 

The settlement time for different people is between a few weeks and a few months. However, it is different for everyone, and patients must consult the doctor for more individualized care.

What are the Preventions for Dust Allergy?

There are many ways to help prevent the dust allergy. These methods are highly beneficial when used in combination with different treatments. Here are some practical tips for the purpose. 

1. Regular cleaning of bedding material: The easiest and most practical method to prevent dust allergy is to ensure proper cleaning of bedding material. The bedding materials needed to be washed in hot water at least once every week. Using mite-proof cases for pillows and mattresses is helpful as it helps seal the allergens. A home remedy to be used on the bedding materials is to mix some drops of essential oils in the baking soda, sprinkle it on the bedding, allow it to dry and then vacuum it up. 
2. Control humidity in the living areas: High humidity facilitates fungal growth and increases respiratory discomfort. The dust mites thrive at high humidity levels of 70-80%. So, installing a humidifier helps to manage these issues. The humidifier aims to control the humidity between 40-60%.
3. Steam cleaning (wet vacuum): Dry vacuum cleaning doesn't pick up dust mites. Instead, it stirs up dust and increases respiratory discomfort. The use of steam cleaning or wet cleaning for the carpets is useful. The heated steam kills the mites and causes the dust to settle. A vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter is useful for collecting dust allergens. 
4. Flooring: Using tiles or hardwood for flooring helps manage the dust mites in the bedroom and other living areas. Remove the dust-capturing and hard-to-wash items like curtains, rugs, carpets and window coverings and replace them with easily washable fabrics. 
5. Regular home cleaning: Regular deep cleaning eliminates the dust, preventing excessive accumulation. If a person has a dust allergy, a facemask must be worn while cleaning or dusting and such a person must avoid dusting in severe cases. The items like stuffed animals and books trap the dust. The dusting frequently needs to be increased, or these items are to be eliminated.
6. Pet management: Some people develop allergies due to pet dander and fur. In such cases, the dusting and vacuum cleaning frequency needs to be increased to avoid the buildup of dander and other allergens of the pet's origin. 
7. Some home management tips: Here are some home management tips that help manage the issue of dust mites;

• Don't use attic fans and windows that attract the spores, pollens and other dust allergens into the home.
• Instead of manual ventilation through windows, the air conditioner is a better option for ventilation, particularly for people with dust allergies. 
• The air cleaners, particularly those fitted with high-quality HEPA filters, are useful for removing dust allergens and tobacco smoke from the inside air. 
• Avoid using fabric-covered furniture as it is ideal for dust collection. Likewise, the use of heavy drapes, upholstered furniture and carpets needs to be avoided. 
• The dust-proof pillows and the mattress needs to be covered with tight weave fabrics.
• Furniture made of vinyl, leather, plastic or wood is a worthwhile option as it is easy to clean and disinfect. 
• The wall-to-wall carpeting and rugs need to be removed. If it is difficult to remove from all the homes, at least the bedroom needs to be free of them. 
• The use of smaller and easy-to-wash rugs is a good option. Replacing the blinds and drapes with washable curtains and roll-down shades is useful. Likewise, the down quilts, wool blankets, artificial flowers, books, wall hangings, etc., must be removed. 
• Ascaricides are chemicals that kill dust mites. Using these chemicals on furniture or carpets is helpful. However, such a move needs to be taken with a professional's guidance as these chemicals are unsafe for humans, and their residues reaching the human food chains are very dangerous.