HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): Definition, Stages, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatments

HIV, known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a highly perplexing viral infection that wreaks absolute havoc on the body's immune system. The immune system is responsible for protecting the body against diseases, but HIV is highly insidious and invasive, attacking and weakening the immune system, leaving it susceptible to other infections. The virus spreads via a number of routes, such as shared needles, sexual contact, or even from mother to child during childbirth, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Despite the fact that there is presently no known cure for HIV, there are effective medications that help patients manage their symptoms and live healthy lives. HIV is a highly concerning global health issue, with approximately 38.4 million people worldwide living with the virus, emphasising the need for ongoing research and awareness to combat its spread.

The complexity of HIV is extremely confusing because it is a retrovirus, which means that it stores its genetic material in RNA rather than DNA. The virus targets and kills CD4 cells, a kind of white blood cell that is vital to the body's immune system. The body becomes more susceptible to illnesses and infections that it must be able to fight off without adequate CD4 cells.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has two different strains: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both of these strains attack the immune system and have the potential to result in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 is the predominant and more virulent strain, accountable for the majority of global HIV infections. Compared to HIV-2, it is more easily transmissible and develops into AIDS more quickly. HIV-1 exhibits diverse subtypes (A, B, C, D, etc.) that affect disease progression and treatment efficacy.

Since HIV-2 is less dangerous than HIV-1, it is primarily found in West Africa. It advances more slowly and is not as easily transmittable. HIV-2 subtypes (A, B, C, etc.) do exist, but they are less clearly defined than those of HIV-1.

Blood, semen, vaginal discharge, and breast milk all carry HIV-1 and HIV-2. Unprotected sex, sharing needles or other injectable supplies, and mother-to-child transmission during childbirth, breastfeeding, or pregnancy are the most common means of transmission. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficiently suppresses the virus while enhancing the health and longevity of HIV-positive people, despite the fact that there is no known cure for the disease.

The acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS are the three stages of HIV infection, which are extremely confusing. Each stage's symptoms vary and are generally unpredictable. Flu-like symptoms, including fever, exhaustion, and rash, are present in the acute infection stage. The time when the virus is still alive but not causing any symptoms is referred to as clinical latency. The most serious form of HIV infection, AIDS, causes irreparable immune system damage and increases the risk of both cancers and life-threatening infections.

The initial symptoms of HIV, which manifest during the Acute HIV Infection stage, are unpredictable and easily overlooked or misinterpreted as other illnesses. These symptoms appear within a few days to several weeks after initial infection and persist for several days to weeks before subsiding. Typical early symptoms of HIV involve fever, headache, rash, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and muscle and joint pain. Additional symptoms include night sweats, fatigue, diarrhoea, and weight loss. However, it is important to recognize that some individuals do not exhibit any symptoms during the early stages of HIV, underscoring the need for regular testing among those at risk of infection.

Preventing HIV is a complex concept, as it is preventable through diverse methods, such as practising safe sex, using condoms, and taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). When used regularly, PrEP significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission. It is crucial to regularly test for sexually transmitted illnesses like HIV.

Many experts emphasise the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of HIV. Dr. Anthony Fauci, who serves as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has stated that beginning therapy as soon as possible greatly improves outcomes. Similarly, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that individuals at risk of contracting HIV have access to testing and treatment, with antiretroviral therapy (ART) being initiated as soon as HIV is detected.

While there is no cure for HIV, the treatment options available are highly complex and aid people with HIV in managing the virus and living longer and healthier lives. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a successful therapy that slows the virus's growth in the body and helps to inhibit it. Adherence to ART is crucial for its efficacy, and healthcare providers monitor the virus's progression and modify the medication regimen as necessary. A healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, and abstinence from alcohol and drugs is beneficial for people with HIV in addition to antiretroviral therapy (ART).

What is HIV?

HIV is a type of virus that weakens the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases. HIV leads to a condition called AIDS, which severely damages the immune system and makes it difficult for the body to protect itself. Blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk are among the body fluids through which HIV is spread. It spreads via unprotected sex, sharing needles, or during breastfeeding or pregnancy when mothers pass it on to their children.

HIV harm anyone, although some groups are more susceptible than others. People who inject drugs, Black and Latinx groups, and men who have sex with other men are among of those most impacted. That emphasises the need of tackling the structural and social variables that increase vulnerability to HIV.

Over time, there have been tremendous improvements in HIV prevention and treatment. Methods like using condoms, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and needle exchange programs have helped to reduce the number of new infections. People with HIV now live longer, healthier lives because of new treatment options including antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite these advancements, stigma and discrimination continue to pose significant challenges to HIV prevention and treatment efforts that prevent people from seeking care and results in delays in diagnosis and treatment.

An estimated 38.4 million people were living with HIV worldwide in 2021 and 650,000 people have lost their lives from AIDS-related illnesses globally in that year 2021, according to the World Health Organization. In sub-Saharan Africa, where women and girls are disproportionately affected, the majority of HIV-positive people reside.

In 2021, only 85% of people that are living with HIV virus worldwide were aware of their status, and only 75% were receiving antiretroviral therapy. To continue working towards increasing awareness, improving access to care, and addressing the root causes of HIV vulnerability to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to live a healthy life, regardless of their HIV status.

Where did HIV originate?

The origin of HIV remains a mystery, but some clues suggest that it has originated from a lentivirus similar to HIV found in chimpanzees and gorillas in Western equatorial Africa. The virus is called simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and it was initially believed to be safe in chimpanzees. However, recent research has demonstrated that SIV causes AIDS-like illness in infected chimpanzees, resulting in higher death rates. It's believed that the virus crossed over to humans through the hunting, butchering, and consumption of infected chimpanzee meat in the late 19th or early 20th century , but it was not until the 1980s that the virus was identified and named.

Gorillas carry a strain of SIV called SIVgor, which is distinct from the strain found in chimpanzees. Primates are believed to be the source of HIV, which makes AIDS a zoonotic infection, signifying that it is transmitted between humans and other vertebrate animals. The exact details of the virus's origin remain unclear, but ongoing research is helping scientists to piece together its evolutionary history.

The United States saw its first cases of HIV in 1981, with gay men in Los Angeles and New York City primarily affected by a rare form of pneumonia called Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), as well as a rare cancer known as Kaposi's sarcoma. Along with these, an unusual cluster of lymphoma cases was reported among gay men. These cases were soon linked to a new disease, which was initially known as Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID) or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

With time, it became clear that HIV was not limited to the gay community and was affecting people of all genders, races, and sexual orientations. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized June 5, 1981, as the first known case of AIDS. The virus rapidly spread worldwide, infecting millions of people and causing numerous AIDS-related deaths.

The total number of people that are living with HIV globally today is over 38.4 million, and more than 40.1 million people have lost their lives fighting from AIDS-related illnesses since the onset of the epidemic. Although significant progress has been made in HIV prevention and treatment, more work is necessary to end the epidemic and guarantee equitable access to care for everyone.

What are the stages of HIV?

HIV infection advances through various stages and the duration of each stage differs from one individual to another. The stages of HIV infection include:

• Acute HIV Infection: The acute stage of HIV infection occurs within 2 to 4 weeks after initial exposure to the virus and is the earliest phase of the disease. Individuals experience flu-like symptoms during acute periods, including fever, headache, and a rash. HIV replicates at a rapid rate and disseminates throughout the body during the stage.
• Clinical Latency Stage: The stage of HIV infection referred to as asymptomatic or chronic involves low levels of HIV activity, and it is symptom-free but sometimes a person has mild symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes or occasional fever. Second stage lasts for several years, or even decades, without any noticeable symptoms.
• AIDS: The stage of HIV infection that occurs when the immune system is significantly weakened, leaving individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers, is known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

It is crucial to recognize that HIV progresses uniquely in each individual, and the duration of each stage varies. Some individuals develop AIDS within a few years of being infected, while others do not develop AIDS at all. Regular HIV testing and early diagnosis are vital for initiating treatment early and managing the virus effectively.

1. Acute HIV Infection

Acute HIV infection called primary HIV infection or acute retroviral syndrome (ARS), causes flu-like mild symptoms just like fever, headache, fatigue, and rash within 14 to 30 days after contracting HIV. These symptoms are mild and easily treated, or they are severe enough to require proper medical attention. The body's natural response to the virus is manifested in these symptoms. However, not everyone experiences acute retroviral syndrome, and some people have no symptoms at all. 

Critical elements of the immune system essential for battling infections, CD4 cells, are targeted by HIV and harmed. The risk of HIV transmission increases when an individual has an acute HIV infection because the blood level of the virus is so significantly high. Beginning antiretroviral therapy (ART) during the acute stage offers significant health benefits.

The acute stage of HIV infection is highly contagious as the viral load in the bloodstream is considerably high. Thus, it is crucial to undergo an HIV test if one suspects exposure to the virus. Early diagnosis and the treatment of HIV virus is very critical in managing the virus and preventing its transmission from one person to another.

An estimated 1.7 million people worldwide recently acquired HIV in 2019, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Although data on acute HIV infections specifically is limited, studies suggest that approximately 50-90% of people who acquire HIV experience acute symptoms.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) state that flu-like symptoms are experienced by about 40-90% of people during the acute stage of HIV infection, but some individuals do not experience any symptoms at all. Typically, these symptoms last for several days to weeks and resolve spontaneously.

It is vital to get tested for HIV if there is a suspicion of exposure to the virus or if flu-like symptoms develop.These symptoms are the start of the first stage of HIV (Acute HIV infection). Starting treatment as early as possible offers a greater likelihood of managing the virus and maintaining good health.

2. Chronic HIV Infection

The second stage of HIV virus infection is known as chronic infection, asymptomatic infection, or clinical latency. During chronic HIV infection, HIV replicates at low levels in the body. In the chronic stage of HIV infection, symptoms are generally mild, and some people do not experience any noticeable symptoms at all. However, some people experience persistent fatigue, fever, night sweats, unintentional weight loss, and oral thrush. It is important to note that these symptoms are not unique to HIV and caused by other illnesses as well. Regular HIV testing and medical check-ups are crucial for detecting the virus and managing any related symptoms or illnesses.

The viral load in the blood during the chronic stage of HIV infection is significantly reduced, and the individual is less likely to transmit the virus than during the acute stage. The virus remains active and continues to harm the immune system. If left untreated, the chronic stage progresses to the final stage of HIV infection, namely AIDS. It is crucial to seek proper medical care and adhere to antiretroviral therapy to manage the virus and avert the progression to AIDS.

Without antiretroviral therapy (ART), chronic HIV infection typically advances to AIDS in about ten years, although some individuals progress more rapidly. However, those taking ART remain in chronic stage for several decades. Although it is still possible to spread HIV to others when in the chronic stage, those who follow the recommended ART regimen and maintain an undetectable viral load have a very low risk of doing so during intercourse with an HIV-negative partner. 

The acute and chronic stages of HIV differ primarily in the level of viral replication and severity of symptoms. During the acute stage, the virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the blood is high, making it the most infectious stage. Conversely, the chronic stage is characterised by lower levels of viral replication and have no noticeable symptoms.

If left untreated, chronic HIV infection leads to severe complications, such as the emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers caused by the weakened immune system. However, early diagnosis and treatment slow down or halt the progression of HIV to AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the primary treatment for HIV and effectively suppresses the virus, lowers the viral load in the blood, and enhances the immune system's function. Regular HIV testing is critical, especially if you are at high risk of infection, to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.

3. Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the last stage of HIV, which occurs when the immune system of an infected person is badly damaged by the HIV virus and the body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers. A person is considered to have reached the final stage of HIV AIDS when their CD4 cell count is less than 200 cells per cubic millimetre of blood or if they contain one or more opportunistic illnesses, regardless of their CD4 cell count. The range of the normal CD4 levels is 500-1,600 cells/mm3. 

Without treatment, patients with AIDS normally live for three years, and after contracting a severe opportunistic disease, life expectancy drops to roughly one year. Medical treatment is necessary for people with AIDS to prevent death. It is crucial to get tested for HIV regularly to ensure early diagnosis and treatment to prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS.

Symptoms of AIDS are not specific and differ based on the opportunistic infections and cancers that arise due to a significantly compromised immune system. Typical indications include persistent fever, night sweats, weight loss, chronic diarrhoea, and enlarged lymph nodes. Infections and cancers related to AIDS affect diverse body parts, such as the lungs, brain, liver, and skin. As the immune system becomes more impaired, the symptoms intensify, resulting in a swift deterioration in the individual's health.

HIV and AIDS differ mainly in the extent of damage they cause to the immune system. All HIV-positive people do not go on to acquire AIDS, although HIV attacks and damages the immune system. The progression of HIV to AIDS stopped with early diagnosis and treatment, but general health must be preserved. However, if left untreated, HIV leads to extensive damage to the immune system and eventually advances into AIDS.

AIDS results in various life-threatening complications, including multiple opportunistic infections and cancers. People diagnosed with AIDS require consistent medical attention to manage their symptoms, avoid infections, and preserve their quality of life. Although there is no cure for AIDS, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and other supportive treatments aid in managing the virus and enhancing immune system function, reducing the risk of complications, and promoting overall health

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 38.4 million individuals worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2021, and 690,000 people lost their lives from the deadly disease of AIDS. Despite notable advancements in HIV treatment and prevention, AIDS persists as a significant global health concern, primarily in low- and middle-income nations, where access to HIV testing, treatment, and care is restricted.

What are the early symptoms of HIV?

The following are a few of the most prevalent early signs of HIV infection:

• Headache: Persistent headaches that don't respond to commonly available medications must be a possible symptom of HIV. HIV virus has been known to cause ongoing headaches in some individuals.
• Joint and Muscle discomfort: Joint and muscle discomfort potentially be caused by the immune response of the body to the virus. Joint and muscle discomfort is a common symptom of HIV that some individuals experience.
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea: Experiencing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea must be an indication of HIV-related gastrointestinal issues that resemble those of the flu.
• Cough: The weakening of the immune system due to HIV leads to a sore throat or cough.
• Sweats at Night: Night sweats, which are more intense than those associated with other illnesses, possibly be a symptom of HIV. Some people have experienced significant night sweats as a result of the HIV infection.
• Fever: One of the most frequently observed early symptoms of HIV is a mild fever that persists for several days or even weeks.
• Rash: A rash is a possible manifestation of HIV, which takes the form of small red bumps or a larger, raised, and itchy area of skin that appears red.
• Throat ache and mouth sores: During the initial phases of HIV infection, these symptoms are commonly observed and must be indicative of the illness.
• Swollen lymph nodes: HIV infection is characterised by swollen lymph nodes, mainly in the neck, armpits, and groyne.
• Weight loss: Due to the body's inability to absorb nutrition or a decreased appetite, HIV infection causes weight loss.

1. Headache

Headache is a prevalent symptom that many people experience, characterised by a painful or pressurised sensation in the head. There are numerous factors that trigger headaches, such as stress, dehydration, lack of sleep, hormonal changes, and medication side effects, and their intensity and duration varies.

If an individual contracts HIV, headache presents as an early symptom during the acute infection stage, usually appearing within 2 to 4 weeks after initial infection. First stage of HIV is characterised by the production of antibodies in the body to combat the virus, which result in flu-like symptoms, including fever, chills, and headache.

Headache manifests as a symptom of HIV during the chronic infection stage, which occurs after the acute stage. In the phase of headache, the virus keeps replicating and attacking the immune system, leading to a range of symptoms. Headaches during the chronic stage arise due to various factors such as medication side effects, opportunistic infections, and neurological complications.

Identifying headache as a symptom of HIV entails looking for other accompanying symptoms, including fever, swollen lymph nodes, and rash, particularly if these symptoms present together within a few weeks after potential exposure to HIV. If there is a known risk of exposure, it is crucial to undergo an HIV test as early detection and treatment helps to prevent the virus from advancing to more severe stages.

2. Joint and muscle discomfort

Joint and muscle discomfort, called myalgia and arthralgia respectively, are symptoms that many people experience due to physical activity, injury, or inflammation. However, if someone has contracted HIV, they experience joint and muscle discomfort as an early symptom during the acute infection stage, which usually occurs within 2 to 4 weeks after initial infection. During the first stage of HIV, the body produces antibodies to fight the virus, leading to flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, and joint and muscle discomfort.

Joint and muscle discomfort indicates HIV during the chronic infection stage in addition to the early acute infection stage. It is due to the virus replicating and damaging the immune system over time, causing inflammation and damage to the joints and muscles. HIV raises the chance of getting other diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis, which cause pain in the joints and muscles. It is very essential to seek medical attention if experiencing these symptoms or any other symptoms related to HIV virus.

If you suspect joint and muscle discomfort as a symptom of HIV, it's crucial to look for other associated symptoms like fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms might occur together within a few weeks after possible exposure to HIV. Early detection and treatment of the virus helps to prevent the advancement of the virus to more severe stages. If joint and muscle discomfort persist and become chronic, it is very important to consult with your doctor to identify the underlying cause and to get proper treatment.

3. Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea is a digestive problem where a person has loose, watery bowel movements frequently, more than three times in a day. It occurs for a number of reasons, including bacterial or viral infections, food intolerances, medications, and other medical disorders. Diarrhoea is a side effect of some HIV medications, which causes gastrointestinal problems.

When a person has HIV, diarrhoea occurs as a symptom during both the acute and chronic stages of the infection. During the acute stage, diarrhoea happens as a part of the flu-like symptoms that come along with the initial infection, like fever, sore throat, and fatigue. In the chronic stage of HIV, diarrhoea is a more constant symptom that happens because the virus harms the lining of the intestines, which leads to inflammation and difficulty in absorbing nutrients.

HIV weakens the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fight against infections and illnesses, which produces a variety of symptoms, including diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal problems. As a result, HIV causes diarrhoea. Diarrhoea in HIV is a symptom of opportunistic infections that people with the virus are more prone to, such as cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis.

To identify diarrhoea as a symptom of HIV, it is important to look for other accompanying symptoms, especially if they occur within a few weeks after a possible exposure to HIV. These symptoms include night sweats, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and weight loss. If diarrhoea persists or is accompanied by other related symptoms, it is very important to consult your doctor's medical attention and get tested for HIV. Treatment options of HIV include some medicine to control the symptoms or antiretroviral therapy to manage the virus itself.

4. Cough

A cough is known as a reflex action which assists to clear irritants or mucus from the throat and airways. It is caused by many factors, such as allergies, infections, irritants, or underlying conditions like asthma or COPD.

In HIV, cough occurs in both acute and chronic stages of the virus. During the acute stage, a cough is a flu-like symptom accompanied by fever, fatigue, and sore throat. In the chronic stage, a persistent cough is a sign of opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis or pneumonia, which people with HIV are more susceptible to due to their weakened immune system.

HIV directly damages the lungs, causing inflammation and chronic cough. Moreover, some HIV medications cause coughing as a side effect.

To identify a cough as a symptom of HIV, it is important to note its persistence and duration, as well as any accompanying symptoms. If the cough persists for more than a few weeks or is followed by additional unsettling symptoms like weight loss, night sweats, or fever, it is imperative to seek medical assistance. Testing for HIV helps rule out or confirm the infection as a possible cause of the cough.

5. Sweats at night

Night sweats occur when a person sweats excessively during the night and their bedding or clothing becomes soaked. Sweats at night are caused by a variety of factors, such as infections, hormonal imbalances, medications, and underlying medical conditions. Some HIV medicines, such as protease inhibitors, cause night sweats as a reaction or side effect.

In the case of HIV, night sweats occur in both the acute and chronic stages of the virus. During the acute stage, night sweats are one of the flu-like symptoms that accompany the initial infection, along with fever, sore throat, and fatigue. In the chronic stage of HIV, night sweats are a symptom of opportunistic infections, including tuberculosis or lymphoma, which people with HIV are more susceptible to due to their weakened immune system.

It's crucial to visit a doctor if night sweats last for more than a few weeks or are accompanied by other unsettling symptoms like fever, weight loss, or a persistent cough. To identify night sweats as a symptom of HIV, it is essential to note their frequency, intensity, and duration. Testing for HIV is done to rule out or confirm the infection as a potential cause of the night sweats.

6. Fever

Fever is a typical indicator of any disease. When your body temperature exceeds the normal level 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) it occurs. One of the illnesses that causes a fever is HIV. During the early stages of HIV infection, which usually lasts for 2-4 weeks after exposure, a person experiences a fever along with other symptoms like tiredness, body aches, and chills.

When HIV damages the immune system, it becomes more challenging for the body to fight against infections. Fever is the body's reaction to an infection brought on by an impaired immune system.

To identify fever as an early symptom of HIV, it is crucial to pay attention to your body temperature and any other symptoms you might have. If you have a fever that lasts for more than a week or if you are concerned about your risk of HIV, it is important to see a doctor and get tested.

7. Rash

A rash is a skin condition where the skin changes its texture and appearance. It manifests as redness, bumps, blisters, or scaly patches, and caused by various factors such as allergies, infections, medications, and other underlying health conditions.

In the case of HIV, a rash appears on any part of the body and is usually red or pink in colour. It is itchy or painful and spread over time. The rash results from HIV-related immune system changes or medication used to treat the virus. It is a typical sign of HIV infection, particularly in the beginning stages of the illness.

In the event of a rash, particularly when accompanied by additional symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen glands, it's crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Identifying a rash as a symptom of HIV is difficult because rashes have many cases. However, if a rash appears in conjunction with other HIV symptoms, it is a sign of HIV infection. Testing for HIV and seeking medical attention is recommended if a rash develops along with other symptoms.

8. Throat ache and uncomfortable mouth sores

Throat pain and mouth sores are two symptoms that people with HIV experience. These symptoms occur when the body is infected with the virus, which causes inflammation and irritation in the throat and mouth. Sores develop on the tongue, gums, and inside cheeks, making it difficult to speak and eat normally.

When the immune system is being attacked by the virus in the early stages of HIV, throat pain and mouth sores are frequently experienced. As the immune system weakens later in the illness, they occur. 

To identify throat ache and mouth sores as symptoms of HIV, it is important to consider whether they are accompanied by other symptoms on the list, such as fever or swollen lymph nodes.If you have these symptoms along with other symptoms on the list, like fever or swollen lymph nodes, it is important to seek medical attention and get tested for HIV. Testing early and getting treatment helps to prevent the virus from causing more serious health problems.

9. Lymph nodes that are swollen

Swollen lymph nodes are a sign of HIV infection, especially during the early stages of the disease. Lymph nodes are a very essential part of the immune system of the human body, acting as filters to remove harmful substances. When the immune system is fighting an infection, lymph nodes become enlarged and tender. HIV attacks and weakens the immune system, causing inflammation and damage to the lymph nodes, leading to swelling and tenderness.

Swollen lymph nodes due to HIV infection are found in different parts of the body, such as the neck, groyne, or armpits. To identify swollen lymph nodes as a symptom of HIV, a healthcare provider conducts a physical examination and feels for enlarged lymph nodes. Blood tests are used to confirm an HIV infection and monitor changes in the immune system.

It's crucial to get checked out by a doctor and have your HIV status tested if you suffer swollen lymph nodes or any of the other symptoms listed, such as exhaustion or fever. Early diagnosis tests and treatment options help to prevent the virus from causing more serious health related problems.

10. Loss of weight

Losing weight unintentionally is a common symptom during the early stages of HIV infection. Loss of weight means losing more than 10% of a person's body weight within six months without trying to lose weight. HIV causes weight loss due to a combination of factors, such as a decrease in appetite, the body's inability to absorb nutrients, and increased energy used by the immune system to fight infections.

HIV weakens the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases which leads to a range of health problems that cause weight loss, including chronic diarrhoea, infections, and metabolic disorders.

Weight loss is a hallmark symptom of HIV and is often seen in the early stages of the infection. It is an early sign that the immune system of an infected body is compromised, which is a characteristic of HIV. Losing weight causes additional health problems, such as muscle wasting and reduced physical ability.

If someone experiences significant weight loss without trying and has other early symptoms of HIV, they must seek medical attention and get tested for the virus. Rapid and unexplained weight loss must be taken seriously as it must be a sign of an underlying health condition, including HIV infection.

What is the main Cause of HIV?

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes devastating damage to the body's immune system, particularly targeting CD4 T cells, which are essential for fighting off infections and diseases. The virus insidiously replicates itself by attaching to these cells, gradually destroying them, and leaving the immune system severely weakened and compromised. Main causes of HIV results in the body becoming susceptible to an array of infections, cancers, and other ailments.

Infected body fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk are the main sources of HIV transmission. Through mucosal membranes, open wounds or sores, or medication injection use, the virus enters the body. One of the most common methods of transmission is sexual intercourse, especially anal sex.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which is brought on by HIV infection, has devastating effects on the person who contracts it. AIDS results from the continuous destruction of the immune system by HIV, leading to a plethora of opportunistic infections and diseases. With a weakened immune system, the body becomes vulnerable to even the most benign infections, which leads to life-threatening complications.

The devastating effects of HIV and AIDS have brought about much awareness and research in the scientific community. Although there is still no cure for the virus, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved the quality of life for HIV infected persons. It is imperative to educate the public about the modes of transmission, prevention measures, and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

How long does it take to get HIV?

HIV or human immunodeficiency virus is a type of virus that leads to a condition called AIDS, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It's important to know that not everyone who has HIV develops AIDS. The time it takes for the virus to develop into AIDS varies from person to person and is influenced by a number of variables, including the start of treatment.

When a person is exposed to HIV, it takes anywhere from a few days to several weeks for the virus to enter the bloodstream and start replicating. During time, the person experiences flu-like signs, just like fever, headache, and body fatigue which is called acute stage of infection, and it's the first stage of HIV.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that HIV antibodies are detected in most people within 2 to 8 weeks after infection. It takes up to 3 months for the virus to appear on standard HIV tests, which is why healthcare professionals frequently recommend retesting at the 3-month mark following possible exposure.

If left untreated, HIV progresses to the chronic stage, where it slowly damages the immune system by continuing to replicate in the body. Chronic stage lasts for years, during which a person does not experience any symptoms or only have mild symptoms like fatigue. It's only when the immune system becomes severely compromised that a person is diagnosed with AIDS, typically when their CD4 count, which measures immune system function, drops to less than 200 cells per cubic millimetre of blood, or when they develop certain cancers or infections that are characteristic of AIDS.

Early diagnosis tests and proper treatment of HIV lead to a long and healthy life without developing AIDS. With the availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the rate of progression to AIDS has significantly decreased, and many people with HIV now live for decades without developing AIDS.

The World Health Organization (WHO) states that without treatment, approximately half of individuals with untreated HIV develop AIDS within a decade of being infected. But with the advances in HIV treatment, the progression is slowed down, and people with HIV live long and healthy lives.

It's important to keep in mind that the time it takes for HIV to progress to AIDS varies depending on individual factors like age, overall health, lifestyle, and access to treatment. Some people progress to AIDS faster than others, while some never progress to AIDS at all.

How does HIV spread?

HIV usually spreads by certain bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal discharge, and breast milk. Unprotected sexual contact, particularly during anal and vaginal intercourse, is the most common method that HIV is spread. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids such as semen, vaginal fluids, and blood during sex, particularly if there are open sores or cuts on the genitals or in the mouth. The risk of transmission is higher if one partner has an existing sexually transmitted infection (STI) or if either partner is not using condoms.

Apart from unprotected sexual contact, HIV is transmitted through the sharing of needles or other equipment used to inject drugs because any residual blood that is present in the equipment contains the virus and infects the individual who is sharing it. Injection drug use causes 7% of new HIV diagnoses, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

During pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, an HIV-positive pregnant woman transmits the virus to her unborn child. However, the chance of mother-to-child transmission is considerably decreased with appropriate medical care and treatment. In 2021 the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that there were still about 150,000 new HIV infections among children worldwide, primarily through mother-to-child transmission highlights the need to continue to prioritise efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and ensure that all pregnant women have access to testing, treatment, and care.

HIV is transmitted through blood transfusions or organ transplants from an infected donor, improved screening methods have made these modes of transmission rare.

HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids that contain enough of the virus to enter the bloodstream or mucous membranes means that behaviours that lead to exposure to infected bodily fluids, like unprotected sex, sharing needles or other injection equipment, or having multiple sexual partners, increases the risk of HIV transmission.

Heterosexual sex is the most typical method of HIV transmission worldwide, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). In 2021, it accounted for 87% of new infections. HIV transmission is considerably decreased by using safe sexual practices and refraining from sharing needles or other injection supplies.

How can HIV not spread?

HIV is not spread through everyday interactions like handshakes, hugs, or sharing of food and beverages. HIV cannot be spread by the water, the air, or by insects like ticks or mosquitoes. Saliva, tears, sweat, and urine do not spreadHIV either. Additionally, HIV-positive individuals who are receiving successful antiretroviral medication (ART) are unable to transfer the virus to their sexual partners since their viral loads are undetectable.

To prevent HIV spread, it is essential to practise safe sex by consistently and correctly using condoms during sexual activity. People who use drugs must use clean needles and syringes each time they inject and don't share them with others. Access to healthcare and HIV testing is critical, as early detection and treatment prevents the virus from progressing to AIDS and reduces the risk of transmitting it to others.

HIV affects anyone, regardless of their race, gender, or sexual orientation. Reducing the stigma surrounding HIV and promoting education and awareness helps to prevent its spread and improve the quality of life for those living with the virus.

What are the Risk Factors for HIV?

There are many factors that increase the risk of HIV virus infection. Some of the biggest risk factors include having unprotected sex with an infected partner, sharing needles or syringes with an infected individual, and receiving blood transfusions or organ transplants from an infected donor. A risk factor is mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Other factors that increase the risk of HIV infection include having a sexually transmitted infection, having multiple sexual partners, and engaging in high-risk behaviors like drug use and commercial sex work.

It is very important to understand that if you are having a risk factor for HIV, that does not necessarily mean that you become infected with HIV. There are steps that are taken to reduce the risk of HIV infection, such as using condoms while having sex and avoiding sharing needles.

The WHO reports that there were an estimated 38.4 million people living with HIV worldwide at the end of 2021, with around 1.7m new HIV cases reported in that year. Despite the fact that HIV affects people of all ages and backgrounds, some groups are more vulnerable than others, such as transgender persons, drug users who inject their drugs, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs. HIV risk is increased by poverty, stigma, and discrimination.

Who is at Risk of Having HIV?

People who engage in behaviours or activities that expose them to HIV are at risk of contracting the virus, but certain groups of people are more likely to be affected by HIV than others. These groups include men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, sex workers, and their clients. In the United States, HIV disproportionately affects Black and Latino communities.

Certain behaviours increase a person's risk of contracting HIV, such as having unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, and having a sexually transmitted infection. Using shared needles or other injecting equipment raises the risk of HIV transmission.

The fact that anyone develops HIV regardless of their age, gender, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic situation must not be underestimated. Taking steps to protect oneself from HIV, such as using condoms during sexual activity, getting tested regularly for HIV, and avoiding sharing needles or other equipment used for injecting drugs, is essential. Comprehensive sexual education and affordable healthcare helps to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.

In addition to the groups and behaviours mentioned, individuals who have unprotected sexual contact, particularly anal or vaginal sex, with an HIV-positive partner or partners whose HIV status is unknown are at increased risk of acquiring HIV. Injection drug users who share needles or other equipment used to inject drugs are at an increased risk of HIV infection. Additionally, infants born to HIV-positive mothers are at risk of acquiring HIV during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Other risk factors for HIV infection include having multiple sexual partners, having a sexually transmitted infection (STI), having a history of blood transfusions or organ transplants before 1985, and engaging in sex work or exchanging sex for drugs or money. It's important to remember that anyone can acquire HIV, regardless of their gender, sexual orientation, or race. Practising safe sex and taking precautions to reduce the risk of HIV infection are important for everyone.

How to Prevent HIV?

There are practical ways to prevent HIV transmission:

1. Always use condoms during vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
2. Limit your number of partners for sex to reduce your risk of contracting HIV.
3. In order to ensure early detection and treatment, get tested frequently for HIV and other STIs.
4. Never share or exchange any needles, syringes, or other drug injecting supplies. Always use hygienic syringes and needles if you take drugs.
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a daily drug that reduces your chance of developing HIV.
6. When there is a chance of exposure, such as during unprotected intercourse or when sharing needles, take post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) medicine.
7. Get prompt treatment for other STIs if you have them.
8. Learn more about HIV transmission and prevention and spread awareness to others.

Prevention plays a crucial role in combating HIV. By following these steps, you decrease your risk of contracting the virus that helps to prevent its spread.

1. Think about male circumcision

A surgical technique called male circumcision includes removing the foreskin from the penis. Research suggests that it is a highly effective way to reduce the risk of HIV transmission, particularly in heterosexual men. Male circumcision is advised by the World Health Organisation as an extra strategy to stop the spread of HIV in regions with a high HIV prevalence. 

The procedure is straightforward and safe when performed by a trained healthcare provider. Numerous studies have shown that male circumcision significantly lowers the risk of HIV transmission during vaginal sex with an infected female partner.

Due to cultural or religious beliefs, male circumcision might be difficult for certain people. It's important to understand and respect everyone's beliefs while providing them with reliable information about the procedure's benefits and risks. Additionally, while circumcision helps lower the risk of HIV transmission, it's not a foolproof solution and must be combined with other prevention methods such as using condoms and having safe sex. Even though it is difficult to access circumcision services in certain areas, initiatives have been put in place to increase availability, particularly in regions with high HIV prevalence.

Male circumcision is a recognised method of HIV prevention by medical professionals and associations. It is advised by the World Health Organisation as a method to lower the risk of males contracting HIV. During sexual intercourse, the foreskin is highly susceptible to HIV infection, and removing it reduces the risk of HIV transmission. Not only that, but studies have shown that male circumcision reduces the risk of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and syphilis.

Male circumcision is not only effective but cost-efficient compared to other prevention methods like antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis. The procedure is done only once and provides lifelong protection against HIV, making it a more sustainable option for countries with limited resources. However, male circumcision is not suitable for everyone, and it must be performed by a trained healthcare professional.

Male circumcision is a procedure that is generally considered to be safe and uncomplicated when performed by a qualified healthcare provider. Compared to other prevention methods such as consistent condom use, it is considered less challenging. However, it is important to remember that male circumcision alone is not enough to prevent HIV transmission and must be used in combination with other prevention methods such as using condoms and getting tested for HIV. Combining these methods maximises the effectiveness of HIV prevention efforts.

Studies indicate that male circumcision significantly reduces the likelihood of HIV transmission during heterosexual intercourse. The risk of HIV transmission from female to male is reportedly reduced by up to 60%, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). Male circumcision does not completely protect against HIV or other sexually transmitted infections, though, and this is an important fact to understand. Therefore, combining male circumcision with other prevention methods, such as protected sex with condoms, is necessary for maximum effectiveness.

2. Get pregnant women medical attention right away

When pregnant women are living with HIV, there is a risk that they pass the virus to their baby during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding. However, risk can be significantly reduced with proper medical care. Pregnant women must receive prenatal care early and regularly, and healthcare providers must screen all pregnant women for HIV to detect and treat the virus promptly.

It's crucial for pregnant women to receive medical attention as early as possible during their pregnancy to reduce the risk of passing HIV to their child. Proper medical care significantly lowers the transmission rate to less than 1%. However, some women face obstacles such as limited access to medical care, stigma, or fear of discrimination that prevent them from seeking care. Additionally, in some areas, healthcare facilities lack the necessary resources and services to provide HIV screening and treatment to pregnant women.

Giving pregnant HIV-positive women antiretroviral medication (ART) is a highly efficient strategy to stop the virus from spreading from mother to unborn child. ART suppresses the virus to undetectable levels, significantly reducing the risk of transmission during pregnancy, labour, delivery, and breastfeeding. The number of new HIV infections among children has significantly decreased as a result of 85% of pregnant women living with HIV receiving ART globally in 2020, according to UNAIDS. Due to its high efficiency, ART is regarded as one of the best methods to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission.

Getting pregnant women medical attention is not necessarily harder than other prevention methods, but it does require access to quality prenatal care and HIV screening and treatment services. Providing early and regular medical care to pregnant women living with HIV is a highly effective strategy for preventing mother-to-child transmission. When implemented properly, the risk of transmission reduces to less than 1%.

3. Use a new needle to inject illicit drugs

It's essential to use a new needle every time you inject drugs to prevent the spread of HIV. Sharing syringes, needles, or other injectable supplies makes it simple for the virus to spread from one person to another. But don't worry, you obtain clean needles from needle exchange programs, healthcare providers, or pharmacies. Using a new needle to inject illicit drugs ensures that you are not sharing needles with someone who is infected with HIV or another bloodborne infection.

Even though some obstacles like lack of access to clean needles, stigma associated with drug use, and fear of being caught with drug paraphernalia arise, many resources are available to help you access them. Needle exchange programs not only provide sterile needles but offer other services such as HIV and other infections testing, counselling, and referral to drug treatment programs.

It is simple, affordable, and very successful to use a new needle for each injection to lower the risk of HIV transmission among drug injectors. Though it is more challenging for some people to access clean needles than others, the benefits of using a new needle far outweigh the risks of HIV and other infections associated with sharing needles. In order to stop the spread of HIV and other bloodborne illnesses, several countries have started harm reduction programmes that give sterile needles to drug users. So, take care of yourself and use a new needle every time you inject drugs.

4. Inform your partners if you have HIV

One of the key ways to prevent the spread of HIV is to inform your partners if you have the virus. Preventing the spread of HIV requires openness and honesty about your status with sexual partners. Since many HIV-positive individuals haven't experienced symptoms for years, it is essential to frequently get tested for the virus in order to protect yourself as well as others. Once diagnosed, it's essential to inform your partners as soon as possible, although conversation is challenging.

One of the barriers to disclosing your HIV status to sexual partners is the fear of rejection or stigma. However, it's important to remember that anyone contracts HIV, and with proper care, people with HIV live long and healthy lives. When you approach the conversation in a non-judgmental way, you help ease the process and be ready to answer any questions your partner has about HIV.

Informing your sexual partners about your HIV status is an effective method to prevent the virus's spread. By being aware of your status, partners take necessary measures to protect themselves during sexual activities, such as using condoms or taking pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Although it is uncomfortable to have conversation, it is a crucial step in protecting your partners and halting the spread of HIV.

In addition to its effectiveness in HIV prevention, disclosing your HIV status to partners leads to increased social support and reduced stigma associated with the virus. Therefore, it is a very important step towards both physical and emotional health.

5. Use a new condom when having Sex

Using a new condom every time during sexual intercourse is essential in reducing the risk of HIV transmission. The danger of breakage is decreased by using condoms correctly and consistently as well as water-based or silicone-based lubricants. Checking the expiration date and storage instructions before using a condom is important.

Condoms serve as a barrier during sexual activity, limiting the interchange of semen, vaginal secretions, and blood that can spread STIs like HIV. They are easily accessible and do not require a prescription or medical consultation, making them a convenient and straightforward method of HIV prevention.

Although using condoms requires more effort than other prevention methods, such as taking a daily pill or getting vaccinated, their effectiveness in preventing HIV transmission and other STIs makes them a valuable and worthwhile prevention method. It is widely accepted as a standard and responsible practice to use condoms during sexual activity.

There are non-latex alternatives for people who are allergic to latex. When used consistently and correctly, condoms have a success rate of 98% in preventing HIV transmission during sexual activity, according to the CDC. Therefore, it's crucial to use them every time you engage in sexual activity to ensure maximum protection.

What infections are common in HIV?

There are several infections that are common in individuals with HIV, which are classified as opportunistic infections. Some of the most common infections include:

• Tuberculosis (TB): Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but spreads to other parts of the body. People with weak immune systems, such as those who are living with HIV, are particularly vulnerable to Tuberculosis infection.
• Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a fungal infection that primarily affects the lungs and is life-threatening in individuals with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV.
• Cryptococcal meningitis: Cryptococcal meningitis, caused by a fungus called Cryptococcus neoformans, is a severe fungal infection that affects the brain and spinal cord and is one of the major causes of mortality in people living with HIV, particularly in regions with inadequate access to antifungal drugs; typical symptoms include headaches, fever, nausea, vomiting, and mental status changes.
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV): Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a viral infection that causes various serious complications in people with HIV. Retinitis, an inflammation of the retina that can cause vision loss and possibly blindness if left untreated, is one of the more frequent side effects of CMV.
• Toxoplasmosis: Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that cause multiple organ damage, including the brain, and individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV, are at an increased risk of developing infection which become life-threatening if left untreated; common symptoms of toxoplasmosis include fever, headaches, muscle aches, and confusion.
• Kaposi's sarcoma: Kaposi's sarcoma, a cancer caused by a herpes virus, appears as skin or mouth lesions and affects internal organs, and is more commonly seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV.
• Candidiasis: Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by the yeast Candida, which affects various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, and genital area. Individuals with weak immune systems, such as those people living with HIV, are at a higher risk of developing candidiasis. Symptoms include white patches in the mouth or throat, itching or burning sensations in the genital area, and pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse
• HIV-associated dementia: HIV-associated dementia is a neurological disorder that occurs in advanced stages of HIV and affects cognitive function. It is characterised by cognitive, motor, and behavioural symptoms that significantly impact daily functioning. Early symptoms include memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and slower reaction times, which progress to more severe symptoms, such as confusion and difficulty with basic tasks.

Regular check-ups and testing are essential for individuals with HIV to manage and monitor potential infections. Through close collaboration with their healthcare providers, individuals with HIV receive early identification and management of infections, leading to better health outcomes. Additionally, antiretroviral medication (ART) aids in boosting immunity and reducing the risk of contracting opportunistic infections. Compliance with ART is critical to maintain a healthy immune system and minimise the risk of HIV-related complications.

What are the complications of HIV?

Some of the complications that occur in people with HIV include:

• Opportunistic infections: Opportunistic infections are caused by tiny living things like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. They wait for an opportunity to infect a person whose immune system is weak. If a person's immune system is healthy, they might not experience any symptoms from these infections. However, people with weakened immune systems due to conditions like HIV, cancer, or organ transplants are at risk of serious harm from opportunistic infections. Pneumonia, TB, fungal infections, and certain cancers are a few of the most prevalent opportunistic illnesses.
• AIDS: Untreated HIV infection leads to the development of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition characterised by a range of symptoms and illnesses such as opportunistic infections, specific cancers, and neurological problems, that arise due to advanced HIV infection.
• Cardiovascular disease: The risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which encompasses conditions like heart attacks and strokes, is higher in individuals with HIV due to chronic inflammation and changes in blood vessels that are common in the population.
• Kidney disease: HIV has the potential to harm the kidneys, which result in chronic kidney disease and in severe cases, kidney failure.
• Liver disease: Liver damage and disease, including infections such as hepatitis B and C, occurs as a result of HIV infection. These infections progress to more serious liver conditions like cirrhosis and liver failure if they are not treated properly.
• Neurological complications: HIV affects the nervous system and causes several neurological complications, such as dementia, neuropathy, and meningitis.
• Mental health issues: Individuals with HIV have an increased likelihood of experiencing mental health issues, including depression and anxiety, which significantly affect their quality of life.
• Drug interactions: The complex nature of HIV management and the requirement for multiple medications place individuals at risk of drug interactions between their HIV medications and other drugs, potentially leading to side effects and complications.
• Social stigma: Social stigma and discrimination towards people with HIV have negative impacts on their mental health and hinder their ability to access healthcare services.
• Reduced life expectancy: Despite significant advances in treatment, individuals with HIV still have a lower life expectancy compared to the general population, with some estimates indicating up to a 20-year difference.

How is HIV diagnosed?

HIV is a virus that is detected by a number of tests that look for antibodies or antigens made in response to the infection. Blood tests are commonly used to detect HIV, and they are very sensitive, meaning they detect the virus within a few weeks of infection. If a test is positive, further testing is done to confirm the HIV.

There are different tests used to confirm the diagnosis of HIV, such as the Western blot test and the viral load test. The Western blot test is more specific than the initial screening test, and the viral load test measures the amount of virus in the blood to monitor the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.

Every person between the ages of 13 and 64 must undergo an HIV test at least once as part of regular medical treatment. People who engage high-risk habits, such as sharing needles or having sex without protection, must undergo testing more frequently.Testing is confidential and available at healthcare facilities, community centres, and clinics. Early diagnosis is essential to start treatment and prevent the spread of the virus.

In 2021, approximately 38.4 million people in the world were living their lives with HIV, and approximately 27.5 million people were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control the virus. However, many people living with HIV are still not aware of their status, and 690,000 people died from HIV-related illnesses globally in 2021. The World Health Organization recommends routine HIV testing for all people aged 15 years and older as part of comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services.

Early diagnosis and connection to medical treatment are substantially facilitated by the availability of rapid diagnostic tests with same-day results. People use self-tests in homes for HIV to test themselves, but confirmatory testing is required. While testing for teenagers and adults has improved, virological testing for infants born to HIV-positive mothers must begin as soon as possible after birth or at 6 weeks.

In the UK, there were an estimated 105,200 people living with HIV in 2021, and approximately 7,800 are believed to be unaware of their HIV status. The number of newly infected HIV cases has decreased by 36% since 2015, but the majority of new diagnoses were among men to men sexual activity. The UK provides free HIV testing and treatment for all who need it through the National Health Service (NHS), but there is still work to be done to address the disparities in HIV diagnoses among different populations and ensure that everyone living with HIV has access to care and support.

What kinds of tests are used to diagnose HIV?

There are several tests used to diagnose HIV infection but three of them are most common types of tests:

• Antibody Screening Test: The Antibody Screening Test is designed to detect the presence of HIV antibodies in blood or oral fluid, and typically becomes detectable 2-4 weeks after infection. The test has a high level of accuracy, with a sensitivity of 99.5% and a specificity of 99.9%, according to the CDC.
• Antigen/Antibody Test: The Antigen/Antibody Test examines the presence of both HIV antibodies and the p24 antigen generated by the virus in the bloodstream. Antibody diagnostic tools detect HIV infection earlier than the antibody test alone, usually within 2-4 weeks following contraction. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that the antigen/antibody test has a sensitivity of 99.5% and a specificity of 99.9%.
• Nucleic Acid Test: The Nucleic Acid Test is a diagnostic method that examines the virus's existence in the bloodstream, as opposed to antibodies or antigens. It is not typically employed for routine HIV screening but is employed in specific cases where early detection is imperative. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that the test boasts a sensitivity of 99.9% and a specificity of 99.9%.

It is crucial to acknowledge that no single test conclusively diagnoses HIV infection with complete accuracy. A confirmatory test is required to validate a positive outcome from an initial screening test. HIV testing is widely attainable and encouraged for all individuals who engage in sexual activity in the United Kingdom. The Public Health England reports that 4,139 fresh HIV cases were recorded in the UK in 2021. Of those cases, 36% of patients were identified at a late stage of infection, indicating that they had probably been living with HIV for multiple years before receiving a diagnosis. Effective treatment and transmission prevention depend on quick diagnosis. Testing services are available via healthcare providers, sexual health clinics, and home testing kits.

What to expect from an HIV test?

When considering taking an HIV test, it is critical to have an understanding of what to anticipate to diminish any apprehension or uncertainty. There are two primary types of HIV tests accessible: antibody tests and antigen/antibody tests. The test provided varies based on the healthcare provider.

An antibody test checks for the presence of HIV antibodies in the blood or oral fluid. An antibody test takes a few weeks to a few months after infection for the body to produce enough antibodies to be detected by the test. A negative antibody test result is considered conclusive in the UK after three months from the last potential exposure to the virus.

An antigen/antibody test checks for both HIV antibodies and antigens, which are proteins produced by the virus. The test detects HIV infection earlier than an antibody test alone, as it detects the presence of antigens in the blood within a few weeks after infection. A negative antigen/antibody test result is considered conclusive in the UK after four weeks from the last potential exposure to the virus.

It's important to remember that no HIV test is 100% accurate. There is a small chance of a false-negative result, especially if the test is taken during the window period (the time between infection and the body producing enough antibodies or antigens to be detected by the test). However, modern HIV tests are highly accurate and reliable when taken correctly.

In the UK, HIV testing is widely available and is done at sexual health clinics, GP surgeries, and community testing sites. Testing is confidential, and there are options for anonymous testing as well. If you're sexually active, it's recommended that you get tested for HIV at least once a year, and more frequently if you engage in high-risk activities like unprotected sex or sharing needles.

HIV Surveillance Report by Public Health England reports, there were 4,139 new HIV diagnoses in the UK in 2021. Of those, 55% were among men who have sex with men, 29% were among heterosexuals, and 1% were among people who inject drugs. The remaining 15% were either of unknown or other transmission routes. The report noted that 94% of those newly diagnosed with HIV were linked to care within three months of diagnosis, which is a key step in the HIV care continuum.

What is HIV Treatment?

HIV treatment involves the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to manage the progression of HIV infection. ART works by inhibiting the replication of the virus in the body, reducing the amount of virus in the blood and other bodily fluids, and slowing down the damage it causes to the immune system. It is essential to start treatment early to avoid the progression of HIV to AIDS, a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is susceptible to life-threatening infections and cancers.

In the UK, HIV treatment is free and available to everyone who needs it, regardless of their immigration status. ART is usually a combination of different medications, which must be taken consistently and according to a prescribed schedule to be effective. Regular monitoring of viral load and CD4 cell count is necessary to assess the progression of the infection and the effectiveness of treatment.

ART does not cure HIV, but it suppresses viral replication and allows the immune system to recover and fight off infections and cancers. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Treat All strategy, which provides lifelong ART to all people living with HIV, including children, adolescents, adults, and pregnant and breastfeeding women, regardless of clinical status or CD4 cell count. By June 2022, 189 nations had already enacted the recommendation, providing care for 99% of all HIV-positive individuals worldwide.

In 2021, there will be 28.7 million individuals living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), but more work has to be done to expand treatment, especially for kids and teenagers. By the end of 2021, just 52% of youngsters (0–14 years old) were receiving ART.  In order to reduce illness and mortality, advanced HIV disease is still a persistent issue in the HIV response. To this end, WHO is assisting nations in implementing the advanced HIV disease programme of care.

When should HIV treatment begin?

Starting HIV treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis is recommended by current guidelines, irrespective of the CD4 cell count. The reason behind starting early treatment is that early treatment  prevents the virus from replicating, which causes harm to the immune system, and reduces the risk of transmission to others. The World Health Organization (WHO) advises individuals living with HIV to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) as soon as possible after diagnosis, with a deadline of seven days after diagnosis.

In the UK, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends early ART initiation, irrespective of the CD4 cell count. The Fast-Track Cities programme in the UK has set ambitious targets of having 95% of people with HIV diagnosed, 95% of those diagnosed on treatment, and 95% of those on treatment with a suppressed viral load by 2025. Meeting these goals require increasing rates of early diagnosis and rapid initiation of ART.

Research has demonstrated that beginning antiretroviral therapy (ART) as soon as possible after an HIV diagnosis leads to improved health outcomes for people living with the virus. These benefits include an increase in life expectancy and an overall enhancement of quality of life. Furthermore, initiating ART early on significantly reduces the likelihood of developing AIDS-defining illnesses such as certain types of cancer and opportunistic infections.

Apart from these advantages, early initiation of ART reduces the risk of transmitting HIV to sexual partners. Early initiation of ART decreases the amount of HIV in the body, making it less likely for the virus to be transmitted during sexual activity. As a result, starting ART early is a critical strategy for both individual and public health.

What are the types of HIV Treatments?

There are several types of HIV treatments available that work by targeting different stages of the virus life cycle. Here are the main types of HIV treatments:

• Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) represents the quintessential intervention for individuals diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The therapy involves the administration of an intricate combination of medications aimed at curtailing the viral load within the bodily system. It assumes a fundamental role in preserving the optimal functioning of the immune system while impeding the advancement of HIV to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
• Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) is a brief therapeutic intervention offered to individuals who have been exposed to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) through risky activities such as unprotected sexual intercourse or needle sharing. It is commonly prescribed for a period of four weeks with the primary objective of averting the virus from establishing itself within the bodily system.
• Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that is taken orally on a daily basis by individuals with a high likelihood of contracting the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It comprises a combination of two HIV medicines that function to impede the virus from taking root in the body.
• Immune-Based Therapies: Therapies that aim to enhance the immune system's capacity to combat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) fall under the umbrella of immune-based therapies. They operate by either augmenting the quantity of immune cells or heightening their effectiveness against the virus.
• Gene Therapy: Gene therapy is a novel approach to treating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), where an individual's genes are altered to combat the virus. Although in the early stages of development, it shows promise as a future treatment. However, the general public still does not have easy access to it.

ART is the most common HIV treatment in the UK and has been instrumental in reducing the number of deaths from AIDS-related illnesses. Public Health England's latest statistics reveal that 94% of people living with HIV in the UK are on ART, and 97% of those receiving treatment have achieved undetectable viral loads.

Is HIV treatable?

Yes, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is treatable but it is a complex and dynamic process. Although a cure for HIV does not currently exist, appropriate treatment enables people living with HIV to maintain an undetectable viral load, allowing them to live long and healthy lives.

To achieve successful treatment of HIV, a combination of antiretroviral drugs, known as ART, is used to control the virus and prevent its multiplication in the body. The use of ART has completely changed how HIV is treated, turning it from a fatal illness into a chronic, treatable condition. In 2021, an estimated 28.7 million people globally were receiving ART for HIV, and the number has been steadily increasing over the years.

In the UK, the National Health Service offers free access to ART for all people living with HIV who require it. Thanks to the widespread availability of ART, the life expectancy of people living with HIV has greatly increased, with many individuals now able to live into old age. However, adherence to treatment is essential for its success, as individuals must take their medication as prescribed to ensure its effectiveness.

The use of ART not only helps to control the virus, but it reduces the risk of transmitting it to others. HIV treatment requires lifelong adherence to medication and regular monitoring of HIV viral load and CD4 cell count to achieve optimal outcomes. For the greatest results, early diagnosis and rapid treatment beginning are essential.

It is worth noting that HIV treatment has advanced significantly since the early days of the epidemic, with over 28.7 million people living with HIV accessing ART globally as of 2021, a remarkable increase from the 1.2 million people who were receiving treatment in 2005. In the UK, it was projected that by 2021, over 95% of people who had received an HIV diagnosis were receiving treatment. Although work still needs to be done to ensure that everyone living with HIV has access to treatment, these statistics demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of HIV treatment.

Is HIV fatal if left untreated?

Yes, HIV is fatal if left untreated. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spells trouble if not given proper attention. Its untreated state leads to the more complex and severe phase called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The latter stage wreaks havoc on the immune system, causing it to become significantly weaker and more vulnerable to life-threatening infections and malignancies. As per the World Health Organization's (WHO) report for the year 2019, AIDS claimed approximately 690,000 lives globally, highlighting the enormity of the problem.

The good news is, with the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV's progression to AIDS halted and managed adequately. The ART's efficacy lies in its capability to reduce the viral load to undetectable levels, giving the immune system a chance to recover while mitigating the risk of HIV-related complications which underscores the significance of getting early treatment and management for individuals diagnosed with HIV.

The devastating effect of HIV on the immune system is not to be taken lightly because the virus aggressively attacks CD4 cells, which are integral in maintaining a healthy immune system. With the decline of the CD4 cells' count, the immune system weakens, and the likelihood of opportunistic infections and other illnesses increases significantly. In 2021 alone, the WHO estimated that HIV-related illnesses claimed 690,000 lives worldwide, while 1.7 million people were infected with the virus recently at that time.

The grim numbers highlight the need to take immediate action when it comes to managing HIV. Early testing, diagnosis, and treatment are key to preventing severe complications and improving health outcomes. Access to effective treatment helps individuals living with HIV lead long and healthy lives while minimising the risk of transmission to others. HIV's management and treatment must not be taken for granted, and proactive steps must be taken to mitigate its impact on public health.

How can HIV impact overall health?

HIV, a virus that severely affects overall health, causes a plethora of illnesses even when treated. As HIV directly targets the immune system, the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases becomes increasingly difficult. Consequently, individuals infected with HIV are highly susceptible to an array of ailments, such as opportunistic infections including tuberculosis, pneumonia, cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma, and neurological disorders.

Aside from weakening the immune system, HIV impacts several other organs and systems in the body, including the heart, kidneys, liver, and neurological system results increases the risk of developing various health conditions, such as heart disease, kidney failure, liver damage, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and depression.

In the UK, HIV still poses a significant health threat to approximately 105,200 people. Although antiretroviral therapy has led to increased life expectancy, people with HIV remain at a higher risk of developing certain health problems than the general population. For instance, research suggests that individuals with HIV in the UK are about six times more prone to developing cardiovascular disease than those without the virus. Additionally, studies have found that people with HIV are at an elevated risk of developing specific cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma

To manage the virus effectively, individuals living with HIV must receive regular medical care and take measures to manage their overall health, such as adopting a healthy diet, engaging in regular exercise, quitting smoking, and managing any other preexisting health conditions they have. With appropriate care and management, many people with HIV lead long, healthy lives despite the virus's impact on overall health.

How can HIV impact mental health?

The impact of HIV goes beyond just physical health; it has severe consequences on mental well-being too. People living with HIV are vulnerable to a variety of mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance abuse. The constant stress and anxiety of managing a chronic illness lead to social isolation, discrimination, stigma, and a loss of support networks, which further intensify mental health problems.

Research shows that people living with HIV have a greater likelihood of experiencing mental health problems compared to the general population. A UK study found that 45% of people with HIV reported depression or anxiety, and 27% had suicidal thoughts in the previous year. Moreover, HIV-related stigma and discrimination hinder people from seeking the necessary mental health support.

Another UK study found that almost one in three individuals with HIV suffered from a mental health problem, with depression being the most prevalent. People living with HIV have a 2-3 times higher risk of developing depression than the general population.

Addressing the mental health needs of people with HIV is critical for their overall health outcomes. Healthcare providers must integrate care that caters to both physical and mental health to enhance the quality of life for those living with HIV. Mental health care, including counselling, therapy, and medication, helps to alleviate symptoms and improve general well-being. Additionally, HIV support groups and peer-led interventions play a crucial role in reducing social isolation and increasing social support for people living with HIV.

How can HIV impact men's health?

HIV, a virus that disproportionately affects men, has disastrous consequences on their physical and mental health. Men who engage in risky activities, such as unprotected intercourse or sharing needles while abusing drugs, are more likely to contract HIV. In addition to the weakening of the immune system, HIV triggers other severe health conditions like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders, along with symptoms affecting the digestive system.

The HIV virus significantly affects the physical and mental health of males. One of the most notable effects of HIV is its impact on the immune system. The virus targets the body's CD4 cells, which are essential for fighting off illnesses and infections. As HIV progresses, the number of CD4 cells in the body decreases, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses that lead to a range of health problems, including opportunistic infections, cancers, and other serious illnesses.

In addition to the impact on the immune system, HIV causes a range of physical health issues in men. Men living with HIV may experience weight loss, muscle wasting, fatigue, and neurological problems. The virus affects men's sexual health, causing erectile dysfunction, infertility, and other issues. HIV increases the likelihood of developing other sexually transmitted infections, which further impact men's health.

The physical and mental health impacts of HIV on men are devastating, but there are ways to manage and mitigate these effects. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a medication regimen that effectively suppresses the virus, slows down its progression in the body, and reduces the risk of developing opportunistic infections and other serious illnesses. Additionally, regular monitoring and treatment of any HIV-related health issues help to prevent or manage complications.

The emotional and mental impacts of an HIV diagnosis are significant. Men living with HIV face a multitude of challenges, including fear, anxiety, depression, and social isolation. Stigma and discrimination exacerbates these mental health issues and make it challenging to find employment or form and maintain relationships.

However, there are effective ways to manage HIV and improve overall health outcomes with appropriate medical care and support, including antiretroviral medication, regular medical check-ups, safe sex practices, and access to mental health and support services. Access to compassionate and comprehensive care is essential for men living with HIV to live fulfilling and healthy lives.

How can HIV impact women's health?

HIV has specific effects on the health of women. Women with HIV experience more severe symptoms and a faster progression of the disease than men. They are at higher risk of developing certain infections, such as cervical cancer and pelvic inflammatory disease. Women with HIV experience menstrual changes, vaginal dryness, and a decreased sex drive. HIV affects a woman's ability to become pregnant and have healthy children, as it is transmitted to infants during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Seeking regular medical care and appropriate HIV treatment is essential for managing the condition and reducing the risk of complications.

HIV impacts a woman's menstrual cycle. Some women experience irregular periods, while others may stop menstruating altogether. HIV increases the risk of menstrual disorders, such as heavy or painful periods. Another sexual health issue faced by women living with HIV is the risk of transmitting the virus to their sexual partners. Women living with HIV need to take extra precautions during sexual activity to reduce the risk of transmission, such as using condoms or taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress the virus.

Women living with HIV are at increased risk of certain infections and cancers. For example, HIV increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB), a potentially serious respiratory infection. Women living with HIV are at increased risk of developing other opportunistic infections, such as pneumonia and candidiasis.

HIV-positive women face additional barriers to accessing healthcare and receiving proper treatment due to social, economic, and cultural factors. They are at higher risk of gynaecological problems and experience mental health challenges like depression, anxiety, and social isolation. In the UK, women from ethnic minority communities, particularly black African women, are disproportionately affected by HIV due to various barriers to accessing healthcare and prevention services. It's crucial to consider the specific needs and experiences of women, particularly those from marginalised communities, in HIV prevention and treatment efforts.

What is the HIV Global Statistics?

HIV is a pervasive epidemic that has a colossal impact on individuals across the globe. As per the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), a whopping 38.4 million people were living their lives with HIV in 2021. Of these, 28.7 million were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a medication that suppresses the virus and prevents progression to AIDS. Tragically, there were 40.1 million AIDS-related deaths globally in the same year.

The burden of HIV is not evenly distributed across regions and countries, with sub-Saharan Africa being the most severely affected. Shockingly, 67% of all people living with HIV resided in the African region in 2021. Furthermore, there were an estimated 1.5 million new HIV infections worldwide in the same year, highlighting the critical need for measures to prevent and treat HIV.

Despite the substantial number of people living with HIV, progress has been made in the global response to the epidemic in the last decade. There has been a 54% decline in new HIV infections, and a 68% decline in AIDS-related deaths. Moreover, the global coverage of ART has increased, with 75% of people living with HIV receiving treatment.

However, several challenges persist in the global response to HIV. Stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV are still significant barriers to accessing treatment and care. Additionally, funding for HIV programs has declined in recent years, accentuating the need for continued investment to ensure the sustainability of the response to the epidemic.

With millions of people infected globally, HIV continues to be a huge global health concern. While progress has been made in the global response, it is crucial to continue working towards preventing new infections, increasing access to treatment and care, and reducing stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV.

What are the HIV statistics for men?

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) reports that HIV affects a significant proportion of men globally. Shockingly, in 2021, approximately 20.6 million men were living with HIV out of an estimated 38.4 million people living with the virus means that men make up around 57% of the total number of people living with HIV. But the gender disparities don't end there. Men are more likely to die from AIDS-related illnesses than women. For example, in 2021, an estimated 620,000 men died from AIDS-related illnesses globally, compared to approximately 490,000 women.

HIV statistics vary by region and country, and in some areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa, men are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for a larger proportion of new infections and people living with the virus. On the other hand, in North America and Western Europe, the overall prevalence of HIV is lower, but men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to be at higher risk of infection compared to other populations.

Given the gravity of these statistics, it is critical to address the HIV epidemic among men. This includes improving access to HIV testing, treatment, and care services, as well as addressing social and structural factors that contribute to HIV risk and stigma. The world must focus on achieving global targets for HIV prevention, treatment, and care by prioritising men's health and working to close the gender gap in HIV.

What are the HIV statistics for women?

As of 2021, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) states that nearly 50% of adults who have HIV globally are women, which equates to approximately 17.8 million women currently living their lives with HIV. Women are more susceptible to acquiring HIV because of a combination of social, economic, and biological factors. The highest prevalence of HIV is in sub-Saharan Africa, where women make up 59% of all adults living with the virus. In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, there has been a rapid increase in the number of women living with HIV in recent years.

The health of women is severely impacted by HIV, and it increases their risk of various health problems, such as cervical cancer, tuberculosis, and pregnancy-related complications. Additionally, HIV-positive women face discrimination and stigma, which restricts their access to healthcare and other essential services.

To prevent and treat HIV among women, initiatives have been directed towards promoting gender equality, addressing social and economic disparities, and increasing the availability of HIV testing, treatment, and prevention services through global health programmes.

Which country has the highest percentage of HIV positives?

Eswatini currently holds the highest HIV prevalence rate globally, with almost 27% of its population HIV-positive. In this nation, the virus is the main killer. Eswatini has made noteworthy advancements in the war against HIV. Between 2011 and 2016, the country reduced its rate of new infections by nearly 50% through the provision of expanded treatment and prevention services. The percentage of adult HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatments increased from 34.8% to 71.3%. Though the epidemic is generalised, marginalised and criminalised groups bear a disproportionate burden. For example, HIV prevalence among sex workers in Eswatini is the highest in the world, with rates of 60.5%.

In Eswatini, a country with a population of about 1.1 million, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has taken a significant toll. It is estimated that around 220,000 people are living with HIV in the country as of 2021. The epidemic is primarily fuelled by heterosexual transmission, disproportionately affecting women. The contributing factors to the high prevalence of HIV in Eswatini include low usage of condoms, multiple sexual partners, and high rates of sexually transmitted infections.

Eswatini has undertaken various measures to address the HIV epidemic, such as conducting HIV prevention campaigns, increasing access to HIV testing and treatment, and promoting the use of condoms and safe sex practices. However, despite these efforts, significant challenges remain, such as the presence of stigma and discrimination, limited resources, and the heavy burden of co-morbidities like tuberculosis. These challenges hinder the control of the HIV epidemic in the country.

Eswatini has the highest percentage of HIV-positive individuals in the world, and is attributed to several factors. One of the main factors is the lack of comprehensive sexual education, combined with social and cultural norms that promote high rates of sexual activity and multiple sexual partners. Poverty and limited access to healthcare services have made it difficult for people to get tested and treated for HIV, resulting in a high number of undiagnosed cases and further transmission of the virus. The government of Eswatini has taken steps to address these issues by implementing programs to increase access to testing and treatment, as well as promoting comprehensive sex education in schools. The country still faces significant challenges in combating the HIV epidemic.

Do HIV positives decrease every year?

Yes, there has been a worldwide decrease in the number of new HIV diagnoses over the past few years. However, the overall number of people living with HIV is still increasing, mainly due to the widespread availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) that significantly improves the quality and length of life for people living with HIV. The number of new HIV infections is still high, contributing to the overall rise in the number of people living with HIV globally.

In 2021, an estimated 38.4 million people worldwide were thought to be HIV positive, according to UNAIDS' most recent global figures. The estimated number of HIV-positive persons worldwide increased from 37.7 million in 2019. However, there have been fewer new HIV infections worldwide in recent years; 1.5 million new infections are anticipated in 2021 compared to 1.7 million in 2019.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and condom use, as well as greater access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV, are among the HIV prevention services that are now more widely available, and is largely responsible for the drop in new HIV infections.

Although improvements have been achieved in lowering new HIV infections and expanding access to care, there is still a long way to go before the HIV/AIDS epidemic is completely eradicated. Continued efforts are required to address the epidemic's underlying causes and guarantee that everyone living with HIV has access to life-saving care and treatment since HIV continues to be a major global health concern.

The global trend indicates a decrease in the number of new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS over time, which is encouraging. It is crucial to keep in mind that not all regions and nations have had the same level of progress. While there has been a decline in certain regions' HIV-positive cases, others continue to experience high rates of new infections.

In fact, the most recent UNAIDS report estimates that there were 37.7 million HIV-positive individuals globally in 2020, which is a small decrease from the 38 million individuals recorded in 2019. Similar to this, there were 1.5 million new HIV infections in 2020, a 23% decrease from 2010. It is crucial to remember that these figures are still high, and that additional efforts are required to meet the worldwide goal of putting an end to the AIDS epidemic by 2030.

In conclusion, while the number of new HIV infections and fatalities caused by AIDS has decreased over time, the trend has not been consistent in different areas and nations. To continue the fight against HIV/AIDS and reach the global goal of eradicating the epidemic by 2030, more measures are required.