Sexual Health: What is it?

Overview of Sexual Health

Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity.

Sexual health is an important aspect of overall health and well-being. It includes physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It encompasses the concepts of sexual freedom, the ability to freely enjoy sexual experiences and freely communicate one's sexual preference and orientation. 

Sexual health issues arise due to multiple causes. Some of the most common causes of sexual health issues include sexual orientation and gender identity, sexually transmitted infections, reproductive tract infections, unintended pregnancy, abortion, sexual dysfunction, and sexual violence. 

Sexual Health issues must be addressed at the right time and by the right people to ensure that individuals maintain good sexual health. Addressing sexual health issues means that individuals need to seek the appropriate professionals for advice and support if they are experiencing any issues related to their sexual health. Furthermore, it is important for individuals to be aware of the risks associated with sexual activity and to take steps to protect themselves and their partners. By addressing sexual health issues promptly and appropriately, individuals maintain good sexual health and enjoy healthy and safe sexual relationships.

What is meant by sexual health?

Sexual health, as defined by the world health organization (WHO), is a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity. Sexual health encompasses many issues, such as the ability to enjoy the sexual experience, the freedom to make choices about one's sexual behaviour, and the absence of negative outcomes related to sexual activity.

One of the key aspects of sexual health is having safe sexual experiences. Safe sex experience simply means that individuals are able to communicate openly with their sexual partners about their needs and desires and have the freedom to make informed decisions about their sexual behaviour. Communication helps in reducing the risk of any sexual health issues. 

However, even when taking multiple measures to ensure one's sexual health, many sexual health issues arise for individuals, and it is important to address these issues promptly and effectively. Seeking medical or psychological help often provides effective solutions to these issues.

One example of these sexual health issues includes concerns related to sexual orientation or gender identity. It is important to provide a safe and supportive environment for individuals to explore these aspects of their identity. Simple but important measures like promoting acceptance and inclusivity create a more welcoming and supportive society for all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity.

What is the importance of sexual health?

Sexual health is important because it significantly impacts an individual's quality of life, relationships, and overall well-being. Some key reasons sexual health is important include maintaining physical health and promoting positive self-esteem and body image.

What are the causes of Sexual Health Issues?

Many people experience sexual health issues that impact their quality of life. Understanding the potential causes of sexual health issues helps individuals take steps toward improving their sexual health and overall wellness. Listed below are the causes of sexual health issues.

• Endometriosis: Endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) outside the lining of the uterine cavity. Endometriosis is a common and important sexual health issue in women.
• HIV: Is a virus that causes AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). AIDS is a serious sexual health issue that affects many people globally, especially people of reproductive age.
• Female Genital Mutilation:  FGM is a culturally determined practice of cutting part of a female's reproductive organ. It is predominantly seen in parts of Asia & Africa, considered a necessary part of growing up and preparing for marriage.
• Herpes Simplex Virus: Herpes Simplex Virus is a common virus that causes painful sores, blisters, and lesions on the skin
• Adolescent pregnancy: have serious physical and mental health ramifications, ranging from increased risk of preterm labor to higher rates of depression. It is associated with poorer educational outcomes and decreased economic opportunity for the mother.
• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): are infections spread through sexual contact, including skin-to-skin contact and the sharing of sex toys. They include bacterial STIs such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, viral STIs such as HIV/AIDS or herpes simplex virus, and parasitic STIs like trichomoniasis.
• Family Planning and Contraception Methods: allow individuals to choose when, how often, and if they become pregnant. Contraception helps them avoid unintended pregnancies and plan the most appropriate childbearing time based on their circumstances.
• Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs): are infections that affect the reproductive system of both men and women. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and often have no symptoms until they become severe.
• Abortion: is a medical procedure used to end a pregnancy; it carries legal and medical considerations depending on where one resides.
• Sexual dysfunction: refers to difficulties during any phase of sexual activity which leads to distress in either partner(s).
• Sexual violence: includes rape, domestic abuse, or other non-consensual sexual activities.

1. Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a medical condition where the tissue that lines the inside of the uterus (called the endometrium) grows outside of the uterus. Endometriosis affects roughly 10% (190 million) of reproductive-age women and girls globally, WHO.

Endometriosis is most commonly seen in women of reproductive age and rarely in women who have gone through menopause. It doesn't happen in girls who haven't started their periods yet. According to Endometriosis UK, around 1.5 million women in the Uk and those assigned female at birth live with the condition, regardless of race or ethnicity.

In endometriosis, endometrial tissue is commonly found in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic peritoneum in cases of endometriosis, while the bladder, cervix, or rectum are rarer locations. Distant parts of the body, such as the umbilicus, contain this uterine tissue, although it's very uncommon.

Studies show that The predominant location of endometriosis was the ovaries (96.4%), followed by the soft tissue (2.8%), gastrointestinal tract (0.3%), and urinary tract (0.2%). Adrenal gland endometriosis was found in a 55-year-old woman.

Endometriosis is one of the concerning sexual health issues because, among other effects, it has on women, endometriosis makes it harder for women to get pregnant. About 40% of women with endometriosis have trouble getting pregnant.

Endometriosis causes a variety of symptoms. One common symptom is pelvic pain, which is constant or worse during periods of ovulation. Another symptom is dysmenorrhea, which is painful periods. One might experience deep pain during sex, called dyspareunia. Other symptoms include bowel or bladder problems that accompany the menstrual cycle, fertility problems, abnormal menstrual bleeding, and chronic fatigue.

Endometriosis currently has no cure and is difficult to treat. However, treatment aims to ease symptoms so that they don't interfere with daily life. Different treatment options are available depending on the severity of the disease and the patient's symptoms. Expectant management, which involves monitoring the condition without actively treating it, is an option for perimenopausal or young, asymptomatic patients with mild endometriosis. Medical treatment, such as analgesics or prostaglandin inhibitors, is used for symptomatic patients with minimal or mild disease. Hormonal treatment is an option and includes Oral contraceptives with estrogen and progesterone to control hormones. Finally, surgical treatment, such as laparoscopy or laparotomy, is necessary for severe or incapacitating symptoms, if medical treatment has failed to resolve or has worsened symptoms, or if there is an anatomic distortion of pelvic organs, endometriotic cysts, or obstruction of the bowel or urinary tract.

Hormonal treatments for endometriosis, like Provera, are accessible here.

2. HIV

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system and eventually leads to the development of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV/AIDS is a sexually transmitted infection(STI) that makes it harder for the body to fight off diseases and infections by targeting the body's fighter cells. 

WHO has reported that since the beginning of the epidemic, 84.2 million [64.0–113.0 million] people have been infected with HIV, and about 40.1 million [33.6–48.6 million] people have died of HIV. Globally, 38.4 million [33.9–43.8 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2021. An estimated 0.7% [0.6-0.8%] of adults aged 15–49 years worldwide are living with HIV, although the burden of the epidemic continues to vary considerably between countries and regions.

HIV/AIDS is a global sexual health issue that has been discussed for quite a while. But despite being at the center of attention, the number of people affected by it, as mentioned above, is still high, and transmission is very high, especially in developing countries.

The virus spreads from one person to another through multiple ways, including unprotected sex, sharing needles, or from a mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. After many years of experience and observations, no evidence exists that any other modality transmits HIV.

Once infected with HIV, various symptoms are experienced that affect different parts of the body. Some common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, rash, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, diarrhea, weight loss, cough, night sweats, and fatigue. Some People experience additional organ-specific symptoms once the organ is involved.

Because HIV weakens the immune system, being more prone to developing opportunistic infections is usual. These are infections caused by organisms that usually don't cause problems for people with healthy immune systems but are opportunistic and use the virus's weakening of the immune system to their advantage to attack the host. However, these infections are treated with medication.

HIV is a sexual health issue that still needs focus and more work, especially on areas of awareness of preventive actions to take like condom use, limiting the number of sexual partners, and getting tested regularly.] HIV test kits are available here.

While there is no known cure for HIV/AIDS, people with the virus take antiretroviral treatment (ART) to slow the virus's progression and reduce the risk of developing AIDS-related illnesses. ART involves taking a combination of medications lifelong, as stopping treatment causes the virus to become resistant to the drugs and makes the person more prone to opportunistic infections.

3. Female Genital Mutilation

A Female genital cutting(FGC), or female circumcision or genital mutilation, defined by the WHO, is "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons." FGM is mostly carried out on young girls between infancy and age 15. It is a culturally determined practice, predominantly seen in parts of Asia & Africa, where it is considered a necessary part of growing up and preparing for marriage. FGM is practiced in the customary belief that it maintains a girl's chastity (sexual abstinence), preserves fertility, ensures marriageability, improves hygiene, and enhances sexual pleasure in men.

Traditional circumcisers mostly carry out the practice and often play other central roles in communities, such as attending childbirths without anesthesia or proper sterilization.

FGM has no health benefits and harms girls and women in many ways. It removes and damages healthy and normal female genital tissue and interferes with the natural functions of girls' and women's bodies. The practice violates a person's rights to health, security, and physical integrity, the right to be free from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, and the right to life when the procedure results in death.

It was reported in January 2023 that over 200 million girls and women in 30 countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia had undergone female genital mutilation WHO. The procedure has four types, with more parts being removed in the fourth type, and causes severe physical and psychological harm, such as pain, bleeding, infections, urinary problems, and fistula. It has long-term consequences, such as difficulties during childbirth and sexual dysfunction.

The practice is now recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women, and there are ongoing efforts to eradicate it through education, advocacy, and legal action. It is important to raise awareness about FGM's dangers and work towards ending the practice to ensure the safety and well-being of girls and women worldwide.

4. Herpes Simplex Virus

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common virus that affects humans worldwide. It spreads easily from one person to another through close contact with an infected individual or bodily fluids such as saliva or genital secretions. Another way of getting infected with the virus is through sexual contact, sharing personal items like razors, and during childbirth if the mother has an active infection.

 There are two types of HSV, HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 is typically transmitted when someone with no prior infection comes in contact with herpetic lesions, mucosal secretions, or skin that contain HSV-1. In HSV-1 infection, the mouth and lips are the most common sites of viral replication. HSV-2 is commonly seen affecting the genital areas and is transmitted during sex through contact with genital or anal surfaces, skin, sores, or fluids of someone infected with the virus. HSV-2 is transmitted even if the skin looks normal and is often transmitted without symptoms.

HSV infection is a serious sexual health issue affecting many people worldwide. According to Nuffield Health, HSV is a very common infection, with as many as 70% of the UK population having HSV1 and 10% having HSV2. It is important to be aware of this issue and take the necessary precautions to protect oneself and your partners. There are antiviral medications available to treat and manage the symptoms and reduce the risk of transmission.

Staying safe from infections means avoiding close contact with other people's saliva. The contact includes things like not kissing or sharing straws or utensils. If someone has genital herpes, they need to avoid sex when they have symptoms like sores. For sexually active people, using condoms correctly every time is the best way to prevent genital herpes and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Pregnant women with genital herpes symptoms have to tell their doctors. Women in late pregnancy must avoid getting herpes because it is dangerous for their babies.

5. Adolescent Pregnancy

A female becomes pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate, which at times is before her first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. Adolescent pregnancy is defined as pregnancy occurring in a young girl between the ages of 10 and 19. Adolescent pregnancy is a global phenomenon with clearly known causes and serious health, social and economic consequences to young girls, families, and communities. It has long-lasting negative consequences on their physical, emotional, and social health.

Adolescent pregnancies are mostly unintended and often linked to sexual health problems such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS. Young girls who engage in sexual activity without contraceptives are at a higher risk of contracting STIs and becoming pregnant. They, at times, lack the knowledge and access to sexual health services, which increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth.

The sexual health issues associated with adolescent pregnancy lead to psychological issues such as depression and anxiety. Young parents usually experience social isolation, stigma, and discrimination, which leads to poorer mental and emotional health outcomes.

Preventing adolescent pregnancy and sexual health problems is important to promote the overall well-being of young people. Prevention is achieved through education, access to contraception, and sexual health services. Providing young people with accurate information and empowering them to make informed decisions about their sexual health help prevent unintended pregnancies and the spread of STIs. It's essential to prioritize the sexual and reproductive health of young people to ensure they have a healthy and positive transition to adulthood.

6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most common causes of illness in the world and have far-reaching health, social and economic consequences. STIs affect men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels. They are most prevalent among teenagers and young adults. STIs are seen to be affecting women's health and social well-being disproportionately by significantly impacting their reproductive potential. 

The incidence of STIs is rising because, in the last few decades, young people have become sexually active earlier yet are marrying later. In addition, divorce is more common. The net result is that sexually active people today are more likely to have multiple sex partners and are potentially at risk for developing STIs.

STIs tend to be more severe and more frequent for women than for men because of the frequency of asymptomatic infection. Many women do not seek care until serious problems have developed. Some STIs spread to cause pelvic inflammatory disease(PID), which in turn causes infertility & ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. These infections are associated with cervical cancer (HPV).

According to GOV.UK, in 2021, there were 311,604 diagnoses of new STIs among England residents, a similar number compared to 2020 (0.5% increase from 309,921) and a decrease of 33.2% since 2019, there were 51,074 diagnoses of gonorrhea reported in 2021, a 1.7% increase compared to 2020, there were 7,506 diagnoses of infectious (primary, secondary, early latent) syphilis reported in 2021, an 8.4% increase compared to 2020.

Sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other infectious agents. Some diseases under sexually transmitted infections include Gonococci and Chlamydia infections, syphilis, genital herpes papillomavirus(HPV), and HIV/AIDS. As the name implies, the main mode of transmission of STI is through unprotected sexual intercourse. Other modes of transmission include mother-to-child, blood transfusions, or other contacts with blood or blood products.

Most of the time, STIs cause no symptoms, particularly in women. When and if symptoms develop, they are confused with those of other diseases not transmitted through sexual contact. But even when STI causes no symptoms, however, a person who is infected is able to pass the disease on to a sex partner, so it is recommended to get periodic testing or screening for people who have more than one sex partner.

People exposed to sexually transmitted infections through any of the methods mentioned above show symptoms, including discharge from the vagina or urethra, which sometimes has an offensive smell. They have genital ulcers and lower abdominal pain. More specific symptoms include

• Gonorrhea-vaginal or penile discharge and burning sensation with urination. And infants to infected mothers have red eyes (neonatal conjunctivitis). Test for gonorrhea is available here.
• Syphilis could be asymptomatic, and when symptoms occur, at first (primary syphilis), a solitary, painless ulcer is seen at times. Secondary syphilis manifests as generalized lesions affecting the skin, mucous membranes, and lymph nodes, including a rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Latent syphilis is usually asymptomatic. Here is an available test for syphilis.

Protecting oneself and your partner from sexually transmitted infections is important, as infections lead to many sexual health issues. Using condoms correctly and consistently is one effective way to protect against STIs and HIV, although it does not guarantee 100% protection. It is important to get checked and treated as soon as the symptoms are experienced to prevent complications and further transmission. Treatment of STIs is provided according to the causative organisms and involves the treatment of partners too. Early detection and treatment of STIs have a positive effect on ensuring the sexual health of society.

7. Family Planning and Contraception Methods

Family planning is defined as the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. It is achieved through contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility. It promotes the health of women and families and is part of a strategy to reduce maternal, infant, and child mortality. 

Effective control of reproduction is essential to a woman's ability to accomplish her goals. Some of the benefits of family planning include

• Health benefits- Reduces mortality and morbidity from pregnancy and childbirth.
• Social and economic benefits
• Individual- Repeated pregnancies and childbirth restrict women from education, employment, and productivity, resulting in poor status.
• Family - Increase in family size leads to income and resource sharing, Repeated/too many pregnancies, high infant morbidity, and mortality
• Community- Uncontrolled population growth, Increased man/land ratio, and reduced production and income 
•  Global- Uncontrolled population growth

Contraception refers to all temporary or permanent measures designed to prevent pregnancy. The ideal contraceptive method is one that is widely acceptable, inexpensive, simple to use, safe, and highly effective. But no single contraceptive method is perfect for preventing pregnancy. The efficacy of family planning depends on the fecundity of both partners, intercourse in relation to ovulation, type of contraceptive used, intrinsic effectiveness of the method, and correct use of the method. So choosing a method depends on efficacy, convenience, duration of action, reversibility and time to return fertility, effect on uterine bleeding, frequency of side effects and adverse events, affordability, and protection against sexually transmitted diseases.

Some advantages of contraception are that it offers women more choices, encourages adopting safer sexual behavior, and slows population growth.

Family planning methods include:

1. Temporary methods: usually used to postpone or space births.

• Barrier methods
• Natural contraception
• IUCD
• Steroidal contraception

1. Permanent methods: includes 

• Female: tubal ligation
• Male: vasectomy

Another classification of contraceptive methods is:

1. Nonhormonal methods-

• Coitus interruptus: is used by many people worldwide because it has no cost and is easily available. It reduces transmission of HIV/AIDS in mutually monogamous couples.
• Barrier methods: includes condoms, cervical cap, diaphragm & foam tablets. They prevent sperm deposition in the vagina or prevent sperm penetration through the cervical canal. Barrier methods include condoms(Male and female), Vaginal barriers (Including diaphragm, cervical cap, sponge, and chemicals)

1. Natural contraception/ fertility awareness method:

• Calendar-based methods include the Standard Days Method, which the woman uses if most of her menstrual cycles are 26 to 32 days long. But this method is less effective if she has more than two longer or shorter cycles within a year. And the Calendar Rhythm Method, where a woman records the number of days in each menstrual cycle for at least six months. And the first day of monthly bleeding is always counted as day 1. The woman subtracts 18 from the length of her shortest recorded cycle. The calculated result tells her the estimated first day of her fertile time. Then she subtracts 11 days from the length of her longest recorded cycle. The calculated result tells her the estimated last day of her fertile time. The calculation is found here.
• Symptom-based uses the basal body temperature method, often increased when a woman is ovulating, and the ovulation method (check for any cervical secretions in or around the vagina) or the combination of the two.

1. Hormonal Methods- these include oral contraceptive pills, injections, implants, and intrauterine devices that work by preventing ovulation, thickening of the cervical mucosa so that sperm won't be able to enter the uterus, and thinning the lining of the uterus so that a fertilized egg is less likely to attach.

The Welzo e-pharmacy provides multiple options for contraceptive pills. Choose and purchase oral contraceptive pills from here.

8. Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs)

Reproductive tract infections, known as urinary tract infections(UTIs), are one of the most common infections affecting human beings, and fortunately, they are rapidly responsive to modern antibiotics.

The urinary tract is classified into the upper and lower urinary tract. The upper urinary tract includes the kidneys and ureters, while the lower urinary tract includes the urethra and bladder. So urinary tract infections are infections targeting any of these organs. 

Urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria that usually enter through the urethra and climb up the urinary tract. Except among infants and the elderly, UTI occurs far more commonly in females than in males. Some risk factors for developing urinary tract infections include a previous history of urinary tract infection, sexual activity, pregnancy, and poor hygiene. Urinary tract infections in men are usually associated with structural abnormalities in the urinary tract, such as enlarged prostate.

UTI is either asymptomatic or symptomatic. The term UTI encompasses a variety of conditions, including asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU), cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, and pyelonephritis.

• Asymptomatic bacteriuria:- is a condition in which there are bacteria on urine test or culture, but the patient is asymptomatic. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is usually an incidental finding when one is being investigated for other conditions. Unless you have additional risks like pregnancy, there is no need for treatment in asymptomatic bacteriuria.
• Cystitis - this is the infection of the urinary bladder, which is a place where the urine produced is accumulated before it is removed. Symptoms, including pain over the suprapubic area, pain during urination(dysuria), urinary urgency, and urinary frequency, are experienced in cystitis. 
• Prostatitis- is an infection of the prostate gland. Infections are either acute or chronic and are almost always bacterial. They usually cause symptoms like pain during urination (dysuria), urinary frequency, pain in the prostatic, pelvic, or perineal area, fever, and chills.
• Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra, which is the tube that takes the urine stored in the bladder out of the body. It is usually caused by bacteria and is referred to as non-gonococcal urethritis when not caused by sexually transmitted bacteria gonorrhea.
• Pyelonephritis- refers to infection of the kidneys, which are vital organs that carry out multiple bodily functions. Pyelonephritis manifests with symptoms as those mentioned in cystitis, plus symptoms of flank pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting.

Urinary tract infections are treated with simple antibiotics, and methods to prevent these infections include:

• Urinating after sexual activity.
• Staying hydrated.
• Teaching them to wipe front to back when and minimizing douching.

9. Abortion

Abortion is defined as the loss of pregnancy before the period of viability. The definition of fetal viability varies in different parts of the world. In the UK, it is after 24 weeks of gestational age. Spontaneously lost pregnancy, known as spontaneous miscarriage, or deliberately terminated (induced miscarriage).

Spontaneous abortions are caused by multiple factors, mainly including maternal factors like advanced maternal age, closely spaced pregnancies, history of previous spontaneous abortion, maternal diabetes, maternal smoking and alcohol use, and autoimmune disorders.

The most common symptom associated with abortion is vaginal bleeding. The bleeding varies from light blood spotting on underwear to heavy bleeding. Other symptoms include lower abdominal crampy pain, tissue-like discharge from the vagina, and watery fluid discharge. Contact a doctor or visit nearby health care when experiencing these symptoms.

Abortions are, at times, intentional if there is an unintended pregnancy. The case of abortion is now a hot topic in the world as there are debates on if abortion needs to be illegal or legal. There are few countries in which abortion is considered an illegal procedure. Some countries have some special circumstances where abortion might be legal. For example, pregnancy from a relative(incest) due to rape is considered legal. Abortion in the United Kingdom is de facto available through the Abortion Act 1967 in Great Britain and the Abortion (Northern Ireland) (No.2) Regulations 2020. 

The decision to get an abortion thoroughly depends on you. Once the decision about getting the abortion is made, discuss it with a health professional. Contact the British Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS), MSI Reproductive Choices UK, and the National Unplanned Pregnancy Advisory Service (NUPAS). Another way is to simply check local NHS sexual health websites to know eligibility and about services.

Abortion is carried out either with medical or surgical methods. The decision mainly depends on how far the pregnancy is, so the medical method is practical if seeking care in the early stages, usually before 12 weeks. Oral medication is taken, or the tablets are given through the vagina to induce abortion by contraction of the uterus. The surgical method uses different procedures to carry out the abortion. 

Complications associated with the surgical method in abortion include incomplete evacuation

cervical or uterine injury, such as perforation or tearing, anesthesia complications, pelvic infection, and bleeding.

10. Sexual Dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction is a condition that affects a person's ability to experience sexual pleasure or to perform sexually in a satisfying way. The essential features of sexual dysfunctions are inhibition, specifically, an inability to respond to sexual stimulation physiologically or psychologically or the experience of pain during the sexual act. The dysfunction is a lack of desire or pleasure or a physiological inability to begin, maintain, or complete sexual interaction. It takes many forms, including difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection (erectile dysfunction), difficulty reaching orgasm (orgasmic dysfunction), or a lack of desire for sexual activity (hypoactive sexual desire disorder).

There are many potential causes of sexual dysfunction. Some include physical conditions like diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or hormonal imbalances contributing to sexual dysfunction, such as certain medications, alcohol, or drug use. Other psychological factors like anxiety, depression, stress, or relationship problems play a role in sexual dysfunction.

Sexual dysfunction is a significant sexual health issue, leading to decreased sexual pleasure, relationship problems, and psychological distress. It is a source of shame, embarrassment, or guilt, which further impacts a person's sexual well-being and quality of life. Sexual dysfunction is especially challenging for couples, leading to a lack of intimacy and closeness.

Treatment for sexual dysfunction depends on the underlying cause. For example, medications like Viagra or Cialis are prescribed to treat erectile dysfunction, while therapy or counseling is recommended for psychological causes of sexual dysfunction. Sometimes, a combination of approaches is needed to effectively treat sexual dysfunction.

It is important to recognize that sexual dysfunction significantly impacts a person's overall well-being and quality of life. It leads to feelings of shame, anxiety, and depression, as well as relationship problems and a decreased sense of self-worth. Seeking support from healthcare professionals, counsellors, or support groups is important in effectively managing sexual dysfunction and promoting sexual health.

11. Sexual Violence

Sexual assault is any sexual act performed by one person on another without consent. Sexual violence is a crime of violence and aggression against a person's body and will. It results from the use of force, threat of force, or victims' inability to consent.

Sexual assault is an intentional act involving a sexual organ. It includes the insertion of foreign objects into the genitals, forced removal of clothing, forcing someone to engage in sexual acts or positions, and forcing someone to watch sexual acts. It encompasses a continuum of sexual activity that ranges from sexual compulsion to contact abuse (unwanted kissing, touching, or fondling) to forcible rape. It includes genital, oral, or anal penetration by a part of the accused's body or by an object. Even though victims are both men and women, it is seen and reported in much higher numbers in women. The very young, elderly, & physically or developmentally disabled are particularly vulnerable to sexual assault. Sexual assault occurs in all age, racial-ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.

Sexual assault of children and adult women is the fastest growing, most frequently committed, and most underreported crime. Sex offenders use physical and/or psychological aggression or coercion to victimize, often threatening a victim's sense of privacy, safety, autonomy, and well-being. Sexual assault results in physical trauma, significant mental anguish, and suffering of victims.

Sexual violence is a serious sexual health issue because it has many effects on the victims. It has long-term effects on the victims, including anxiety, nightmares, flashbacks, catastrophic fantasies, feelings of alienation and isolation, sexual dysfunction, psychological distress, mistrust of others, phobias, depression, hostility, and somatic symptoms.

Most rape victims experience difficulty in reestablishing sexual and emotional relationships with spouses or boyfriends. Some of the victims report suicidal ideation.

Victims are at times reluctant, however, to report the assault to law enforcement and to seek medical attention for a variety of reasons. For example, victims blame themselves for the sexual assault and feel embarrassed. They fear their assailants or worry about whether they are believed. Victims lack the ability or emotional strength to access services.

Sexual violence victims need to visit a healthcare setting to get the necessary help which includes tests like HIV tests to test for sexually transmitted infections. They are provided with emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy and treated for possible contact with sexually transmitted infections. They receive post-exposure prophylaxis medication for HIV. Emotional support and psychiatric evaluation are important as well.

According to,Statista there were 25,232 reported sexual offenses in 2021/2022.

Some of the places to get help if someone is sexually assaulted are voluntary organizations, such as Rape Crisis, Women's Aid, Victim Support, The Survivors Trust or Male Survivors Partnership, the 24-hour freephone National Domestic Abuse Helpline, run by Refuge, on 0808 2000 247, a young people's service, call NHS 111 or get help from 111 online.

What are the factors affecting sexual health?

Several factors affect sexual health. Listed below are some of the most important factors affecting sexual health

• Age: Sexual desires and function change as people age. Hormonal changes, menopause, and other factors affect sexual health.
• Lifestyle choices: Certain lifestyle choices, such as smoking, drinking alcohol excessively, using drugs, and being overweight, negatively impact sexual health.
• Physical health: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, and neurological disorders, affect sexual health.
• Mental health: Mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and stress impact sexual desire and function.
• Relationship status: Relationship problems, communication issues, and emotional factors impact sexual health.
• Sexual behaviors: Engaging in risky sexual behaviors, such as unprotected sex or having multiple partners, leads to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that impact sexual health.
• Access to healthcare: Lack of access to healthcare, including sexual health services, negatively impacts sexual health.
• Cultural and societal factors: Cultural and societal norms around sex and sexuality impact sexual health. For example, stigmatization of certain sexual orientations or identities impacts mental health and sexual health outcomes.

How to improve sexual health

There are different ways to follow to improve sexual health. First is practicing safe sex, such as using condoms or other protective barriers while engaging in any form of sexual activity and getting tested for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) regularly. Other steps include:

• Maintaining open communication with partners about STI testing results and risk assessments.
• Using contraception consistently if desired.
• Taking measures to prevent unintended pregnancies.
• Reducing the risk of HIV transmission through pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Finally, it is important that one needs to seek medical help when needed.

1. Practicing safe sex: Using condoms and other forms of protection to prevent unwanted pregnancy, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
2. Communicate openly: Talking with a partner about sexual health concerns and discussing ways to improve sexual health and satisfaction so this way sexual experience is enjoyed and there is a positive sexual health outcome.
3. Manage stress: Stress negatively impacts health in general, including sexual health. Try to reduce stress levels through relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, yoga, or meditation.
4. Exercise regularly: Regular exercise improves circulation, increases energy levels, and reduces stress, all of which positively impact sexual health.
5. Eat a healthy diet: Eating a diet rich in whole foods, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins promote overall health, including sexual health.
6. Get enough sleep: Adequate sleep is important for overall health and improves sexual health.
7. Seek medical care: When there are any concerns about sexual health, seek medical care from a healthcare provider who provides guidance and support.
8. Manage chronic conditions: managing chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease, effectively improves sexual health.
9. Practice self-care: Taking care of physical, emotional, and mental health improves overall well-being and sexual health. Self-care routines include things like getting regular check-ups and practicing mindfulness.

Remember, sexual health is a personal and individual experience. What works for one person sometimes doesn't work for another. It's important to listen to our body, communicate with partners, and seek professional guidance when needed.

What are the signs that you are sexually healthy?

Listed below are the signs that one is sexually healthy. 

• You talk about having sex: Talking openly and honestly with a partner(s) about boundaries, expectations, and consent is integral to any sexual encounter. 
• You feel at ease with having sex: Feeling safe, emotionally, or physically comfortable during a sexual encounter leads to more enjoyable experiences. 
• You look after your body: Taking steps towards good health, such as eating nutritiously, getting regular exercise and enough rest, and avoiding alcohol or drug use prior to engaging in sexual activity, is part of taking care of yourself sexually. 
• You recognize the potency of having sex: Understanding that physical intimacy has far-reaching implications beyond pleasure is essential for making responsible decisions around sexuality. 
• You are aware of what sex is: Knowing the facts about different forms of intercourse, including associated risks, allows you to make informed choices when negotiating healthy relationships regarding sexuality.
• You Are Aware of Your Motivations for Engaging in Or Desiring Sexual Activity: Acknowledging individual motivations behind how one acts on desires helps each person better understand themselves while helping create respectful conversations surrounding intimate topics.

You talk about having sex

Talking about sex is important for building intimacy and improving sexual satisfaction. It involves discussing sexual preferences, boundaries, and concerns with a partner or healthcare professional. It's important to approach these conversations with empathy and respect and to seek accurate information to promote healthy sexual behaviors. Effective communication about sex is a personal and ongoing experience that requires patience and non-judgment.

Talking about sex is difficult for many people to address, but it is an important part of maintaining healthy relationships and overall sexual health. Communication between partners (or potential partners) regarding experiences, expectations, boundaries, and consent is vital to any sexual encounter. Furthermore, establishing trust by expressing feelings openly and honestly helps build meaningful connections beyond physical indulgence. Ultimately talking about sex gives us the opportunity to proactively understand our own needs or desires while respecting those of others before engaging in potentially vulnerable situations, ensuring all parties involved come away from experience happy with what transpired.

You feel at ease having sex.

Feeling at ease during sex is important to sexual health and wellness. When feeling comfortable and confident in one's body and sexual experiences, it leads to increased intimacy and enjoyment with a partner. To feel at ease during sex, it's important to communicate openly with a partner about sexual preferences, desires, and boundaries. Communication helps to establish trust and respect in the relationship and creates a safe space for exploration and experimentation.

Additionally, practicing self-care and self-love helps to promote positive body image and increase confidence during sexual experiences. Self-care and self-love involve:

• Engaging in activities that feel good, such as exercise.
• Meditation.
• Spending time with supportive friends or family.

Remember, feeling at ease during sex is a personal and individual experience, and it's important to prioritize one's comfort and well-being when engaging in sexual activity.

You look after your body

Taking care of your body is essential for overall health and well-being. Taking care of your body includes:

• Practicing healthy habits such as eating a balanced diet.
• Engaging in regular physical activity.
• Getting enough sleep.
• Avoiding harmful substances such as tobacco and excessive alcohol.

Additionally, engaging in self-care practices such as practicing mindfulness, taking time for relaxation, and engaging in enjoyable activities helps to improve mental and emotional health.

Looking after our body is an essential component of maintaining sexual health. Eating nutritiously, getting enough rest, and exercising all contribute to feeling physically capable ahead of any intimate encounter. Furthermore, abstaining from alcohol or drugs prior to engaging in sex helps ensure clear decisions are made when negotiating these potentially sensitive topics. Additionally, taking the necessary steps towards protecting oneself, such as regular testing for STDs, understanding how contraception works, and knowing the signs of abuse/coercion, is invaluable information that could save someone's well-being long term. Taking care of one's body is a crucial aspect amongst many others which is better not overlooked when discussing relationships pertaining to sexuality.

Looking after the body means seeking medical care when needed and attending regular check-ups to monitor health. Medical care includes:

• Attending routine appointments with a healthcare provider.
• Seeking treatment for any medical conditions.
• Engaging in preventative health measures such as getting vaccinated and practicing safe sex.

Remember, taking care of the body is an ongoing process, and small lifestyle changes significantly impact overall health and well-being.

You recognize the potency of having sex

Recognizing the potency of having sex means understanding the potential physical, emotional, and social benefits and risks associated with sexual activity. Physically, engaging in sex provides numerous health benefits, such as reducing stress, improving cardiovascular health, and boosting immune function. Emotionally, sex helps to promote intimacy and connection with a partner, improve mood and self-esteem, and increase overall life satisfaction.

Understanding the potency of having sex is essential to recognizing its far-reaching implications. Beyond pleasure, physical intimacy carries a range of responsibilities and potential risks that must be considered before engaging in sexual activity. Understanding the potency of having sex includes the following:

• Being aware that unwanted pregnancies or STDs result when proper precautions are not taken.
• Understanding how one's actions affect their relationships and mental health.
• Knowing what practices consensual boundaries around sexuality look like versus non-consensual behavior, as well as acknowledging individual motivations for intercourse both mentally and socially.

Recognizing the potency of sex is an important step toward responsible decisions when negotiating healthy intimate relationships.

However, it's important to recognize the potential risks associated with sexual activity as well. These include the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unintended pregnancy, and potential emotional and psychological risks such as feelings of guilt, shame, or regret. It's important to prioritize sexual health and wellness by practicing safe sex, seeking medical care when needed, and engaging in open and honest communication with sexual partners. Remember, recognizing the potency of having sex means acknowledging the potential benefits and risks and taking steps to prioritize overall health and well-being.

You are aware of what sex is

Being aware of what sex means, having a basic understanding of the physical act of sexual intercourse, and the potential emotional and social implications of sexual activity. It's important to have accurate information about sex in order to make informed decisions about sexual behavior and to promote sexual health and wellness.

Being aware of what sex is involved knowing the facts, and being informed about different types of intercourse, such as both vaginal and anal penetration. Recognizing any potential risks associated with these activities is important to ensure that we make smart health decisions. The smart decisions to make include proper contraception usage to avoid unwanted pregnancies, testing regularly for STDs, and understanding how alcohol or drugs affect a person's judgment before engaging in sexual activity, all while remaining mindful of basic anatomy between partners, whether heterosexual or same-sex relationships. Knowing what sex means helps create respectful conversations surrounding intimacy topics which lead us towards healthier experiences long term.

Awareness of sex includes understanding topics such as consent, contraception, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It's important to have open and honest communication with sexual partners and to seek out reliable sources of information, such as healthcare providers or sexual health educators. Individuals make informed decisions about their sexual behavior and prioritize their sexual health and wellness by having a clear understanding of what sex is and the potential risks and benefits associated with it. Remember, awareness of sex is an ongoing process that requires ongoing learning and communication.

You are aware of your motivation to engage in Or Desiring Sexual Activity

Being aware of your motivation for engaging in or desiring sexual activity is an important aspect of sexual health and wellness. Understanding one's desires and motivations helps promote healthy sexual behaviors, establish healthy boundaries, and enhance sexual satisfaction. It's important to reflect on one's motivations for engaging in sexual activity and to communicate openly with sexual partners about sexual desires and boundaries.

Understanding our own motivations for engaging in or desiring sexual activity is an important part of maintaining healthy relationships. Whether it be to gain pleasure, explore oneself, build meaningful connections with another person, or foster a sense of belonging, identifying these reasons allows us to better understand why we make our decisions around intimacy. It provides an opportunity for open and honest dialogue when talking about sex between partners, which helps establish trust while avoiding potentially disrespectful conversations. Awareness of one's motivators when negotiating any type of intimate encounter must always remain top-of-mind during discussions involving sexual health.

It's important to recognize that motivations for engaging in sexual activity vary from person to person and change over time. It's important to prioritize our desires and boundaries and to communicate openly with sexual partners to ensure that both parties feel comfortable and respected. Remember, being aware of one's motivation for engaging in or desiring sexual activity is an ongoing process that requires self-reflection, communication, and respect for oneself and others.

What Are the Facts About Sexual Health?

Listed below are the facts about sexual health

• Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being related to sexuality.
• Sexual health is not just about the absence of disease but includes positive and respectful sexual experiences as well, access to healthcare and education, and the ability to make informed decisions about one's sexual health and behavior.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major global health concern, with an estimated 376 million new infections occurring yearly.
• Safe sex practices such as using condoms and getting vaccinated for certain STIs help to prevent the spread of STIs.
• Sexual dysfunction, such as erectile dysfunction or low libido, has physical and emotional causes and is treated with a variety of approaches, including therapy, medication, or lifestyle changes.
• Sexual health is a human right that must be promoted and protected for all individuals, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, or identity.
• Sexual violence and coercion, including rape and sexual assault, have significant physical and emotional consequences and are unfortunately common globally. It's important to prioritize consent and to seek support and resources if sexual violence or coercion is experienced.
• Mental and sexual health are closely intertwined, and sexual health issues such as sexual dysfunction or lack of desire are linked to mental health concerns such as depression or anxiety.
• Sex education is a key component of sexual health and helps individuals to make informed decisions about their sexual behavior and to prevent unintended pregnancies and STIs.
• Reproductive health is an important aspect of sexual health and includes access to contraception, safe abortion services, and prenatal and postnatal care. Access to reproductive healthcare is a human right and significantly impacts overall health and well-being.
• LGBTQ+ individuals face unique challenges related to sexual health, such as discrimination, lack of access to healthcare, or stigma related to their sexual orientation or gender identity. It's important to promote inclusivity and respect for all individuals and to ensure that sexual health services are accessible and welcoming for everyone.

What Are the Myths About Sexual Health?

Listed below are some myths about sexual health facts.

• Myth: "Only certain types of people get STIs. Fact: Anyone who is sexually active is prone to get an STI, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, or identity."
• Myth: "Telling if someone has STI is possible just by looking at them. Fact: Many STIs do not have visible symptoms, so it's important to get tested regularly if sexually active."
• Myth:" Birth control is 100% effective at preventing pregnancy. Fact: While birth control are highly effective at preventing pregnancy when used correctly, no method is 100% effective."
• Myth: "Masturbation is unhealthy or lead to negative health consequences. Fact: Masturbation is a normal and healthy part of sexuality for many individuals and does not have negative health consequences."
• Myth: "Sexual health is only important for young people. Fact: Sexual health is important at all stages of life, and individuals of all ages benefit from education, access to healthcare, and healthy sexual relationships."
• Myth: "Women won't get pregnant during their period. Fact: While it is less likely, it is still possible for a woman to get pregnant during her period if she has a shorter menstrual cycle or if she ovulates early."
• Myth: "Using two condoms at once provides extra protection against STIs and pregnancy. Fact: Using two condoms at once actually increases the risk of condom breakage and reduces the effectiveness of both condoms."
• Myth: "A person "loses" their virginity in different ways, such as through oral sex or using a tampon. Fact: Virginity is a social construct; there is no definitive way to define it. However, traditional definitions usually refer to penile-vaginal intercourse."
• Myth: "Men are always ready for sex and won't say no. Fact: Men, like all individuals, have the right to make decisions about their own bodies and sexual experiences. It is important to prioritise consent and respect for all partners in sexual encounters."
• Myth: "Sexual health is a private matter and need not to be discussed openly. Fact: Sexual health is an important aspect of overall health and needs to be discussed openly and honestly with healthcare providers, sexual partners, and loved ones. Seeking support and resources help individuals to maintain and improve their sexual health and well-being."

It's important to separate fact from fiction when it comes to sexual health and to seek out accurate information from reliable sources. Individuals promote sexual health and wellness for themselves and others by challenging myths and misconceptions.

How Does Sexual Health Affect the Mental Health of A Person?

Sexual health significantly impacts an individual's mental health and well-being. Studies have shown that individuals who experience sexual dysfunction, lack of desire, or other sexual health issues are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, and other mental health concerns. For example, individuals who experience erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation feel embarrassed or ashamed, contributing to low self-esteem or poor body image.

Additionally, individuals suffering from sexually transmitted infections or other sexual health issues feel guilty and struggle with self-blame or stigma surrounding their condition. These factors contribute to poor mental health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts. Therefore, it is important to address any sexual health concerns to promote the positive mental well-being of an individual.

On the other hand, individuals who have positive sexual experiences and healthy sexual relationships experience improved mental health outcomes, such as increased feelings of happiness, self-confidence, and overall well-being. Additionally, sexual health plays a role in interpersonal relationships and social connections, which impacts mental health.

Therefore, it is important to prioritize sexual health as a part of overall health and well-being and to seek support and resources when experiencing sexual health issues that impact an individual's mental health.

How Does Sexual Health Affect Women's Health?

Sexual health has a significant impact on the overall health and well-being of women. Women who prioritize their sexual health experience a variety of physical and emotional benefits. One way is by reducing the risk of STIs and unwanted pregnancies: Practising safe sex and using contraception help to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies. These health concerns have serious long-term effects on a woman's health, so taking preventative measures is critical. Secondly, by Improving reproductive health: Women who prioritize their sexual health experience improved reproductive health outcomes. For example, getting regular gynecological exams and testing for STIs help identify and treat potential issues early, improving fertility and overall reproductive health. The other way is by Positive emotional outcomes; women who have positive sexual experiences and healthy sexual relationships experience improved emotional outcomes, such as increased self-esteem and a sense of intimacy and connection with their partner.

Lastly, by prevention and management of chronic conditions: Certain sexual health concerns, such as vaginal dryness or pain during intercourse, are indicative of underlying health conditions like endometriosis or vulvodynia. Addressing these concerns helps to prevent or manage these chronic conditions and improve overall health outcomes. Women need to prioritize their sexual health and seek out resources and support when needed. 

How Does Sexual Health Affect Men's Health?

Sexual health for men plays a critical role in their overall health and well-being. A healthy sexual life has positive physical and emotional benefits for men. One way by which sexual health affects men's health is by reducing the risk of STIs and unwanted pregnancies: Practising safe sex and using contraception help to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies. These health concerns have serious long-term effects on a man's health, so taking preventative measures is critical. Another is Improved emotional outcomes: Men with positive sexual experiences and healthy sexual relationships experience improved emotional outcomes, such as increased self-esteem and a sense of intimacy and connection with their partner.

Improved reproductive health has an effect on men's health. Men who prioritize their sexual health experience improved reproductive health outcomes. For example, getting regular check-ups and testing for STIs helps identify and treat potential issues early, improving fertility and overall reproductive health. Lastly, prevention and management of chronic conditions: Certain sexual health concerns, such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation, indicate underlying health conditions like heart disease or diabetes. Addressing these concerns helps to prevent or manage these chronic conditions and improve overall health outcomes. Men need to prioritize their sexual health and seek out resources and support when needed.

What Are the Benefits of Sexual Health?

Listed below are the benefits of sexual health

• Improved physical health: A healthy sex life positively impacts overall physical health. Regular sexual activity has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease, stroke, and some cancers. It boosts the immune system, improves sleep, and reduces stress levels.
• Improved emotional health: Sexual health positively impacts mental and emotional health. Regular sexual activity boosts self-esteem, increases feelings of intimacy and connection with a partner, and reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression.
• Increased intimacy and connection: Sexual health improves intimacy and connection in relationships. Regular sexual activity has been linked to increased feelings of closeness, trust, and bonding between partners.
• Better reproductive health: Practising safe sex and regular check-ups help prevent and treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which have serious long-term effects on reproductive health. It helps to identify and address any potential issues with fertility.
• Reduced risk of chronic conditions: Certain sexual health concerns, such as erectile dysfunction or vaginal dryness, are indicative of underlying health conditions like heart disease or diabetes. Addressing these concerns helps to prevent or manage these chronic conditions and improve overall health outcomes.
• Increased pleasure and sexual satisfaction: A healthy sex life leads to increased sexual pleasure and satisfaction, improving the overall quality of life and well-being.
• Improved communication and sexual skills: Prioritising sexual health leads to improved communication and sexual skills, which enhance sexual experiences and relationships.
• Better sexual function: Taking care of sexual health improves sexual function, including erectile function, vaginal health, and sexual response.
• Increased knowledge and awareness: Learning about sexual health and sexual practices increase knowledge and awareness about sexual health issues, reducing stigma and promoting healthier sexual practices.
• Overall well-being: A healthy sex life contributes to well-being, including physical, mental, and emotional health.

In summary, Sexual health has a wide range of physical and emotional benefits for individuals and relationships. It is important to prioritize sexual health and seek resources and support to promote positive outcomes.

Are There Any Downsides in Sexual Health?

Yes, there are downsides to sexual health. While sexual health has a range of benefits, it is important to recognize that there are negative consequences associated with sexual behavior.

The most significant of these is the potential for unwanted pregnancies and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV/AIDS. Other issues include physical and emotional trauma caused by rape, abuse, or other forms of violence related to sex; stigmatization associated with certain sexual practices or lifestyles; lack of access to accurate information about contraception and protection against STDs; mental health concerns due to feelings surrounding sexuality; and negative body image resulting from unrealistic standards promoted by media images.

One potential downside of sexual health is the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Even with safe sex practices, there is still a risk of contracting an STI. These infections have serious long-term health consequences, and it is important to prioritize regular STI testing and treatment to reduce the risk of transmission. For convenient at-home testing, you can try Welzo's Sexual Health Test 4, Standard 7 Sexual Health Test or Advanced 11 Sexual Health Test.

Another downside of sexual health is the negative emotional and psychological consequences associated with sexual behaviour. Sexual experiences that are non-consensual or coerced lead to trauma, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, negative experiences within sexual relationships or with sexual dysfunction lead to emotional and psychological distress.

It is important to recognize that sexual health is complex and multifaceted and that both positive and negative consequences are associated with sexual behaviour. Prioritizing safe and consensual sexual experiences, seeking out resources and support when needed, and maintaining open and honest communication with partners help to promote positive sexual health outcomes.