Longevity on a Budget: A £30/Month Stack

The longevity industry has a pricing problem: a typical "complete" protocol marketed in 2026 runs to £80–£200 a month. It does not need to. A cheap longevity stack built on the evidence hierarchy set out in our longevity supplements guide delivers most of what a full longevity stack does — for around £30 a month.

A large share of that £80–£200 goes on ingredients with thin human evidence, underdosed blends, or premium forms offering no measurable advantage over the cheap version. You do not need that budget — and because a £30 routine is affordable, you will still be taking it in three years. That last point is not a footnote. It is the entire argument.

This guide sets out exactly what a £30/month stack contains, what each item does and at what dose, where the money is best spent, what to add as your budget grows, and the seven levers that cut supplement costs without cutting quality.

Why a cheap longevity stack usually beats an expensive one

This is not a consolation prize argument. There are three structural reasons a £30 stack frequently outperforms a £150 one in practice.

Adherence is the variable that matters most

Every mechanism discussed in longevity research operates over years, not weeks. A stack you take 340 days a year for five years delivers a fundamentally different exposure to one you take enthusiastically for seven weeks and then quietly abandon when the renewal charge lands. Cost is the single most common reason UK consumers stop a supplement routine, which makes affordability an efficacy variable rather than a lifestyle preference.

The cheapest ingredients have the strongest evidence

There is an inverse relationship in this category that nobody selling premium formulas wants to point out. Vitamin D, creatine, magnesium and omega-3 are the four ingredients with the deepest human trial literature — and all four are commodity compounds costing pennies per dose. Meanwhile many of the most expensive novel compounds rest on cell-culture work, mouse lifespan studies, or small pilot trials. We go through which ones do not survive scrutiny in longevity supplements that don't work.

Cost per studied dose, not cost per bottle

The single most useful habit when building a cheap longevity stack is to stop comparing bottle prices and start comparing cost per clinically studied daily dose.

A worked example

Two magnesium products, both £15. Product A is 60 capsules of magnesium oxide at 400 mg of compound, delivering roughly 240 mg elemental magnesium — but oxide is poorly absorbed. Product B is 120 capsules of magnesium glycinate at 100 mg elemental each, so a 200 mg dose takes two capsules and the tub lasts 60 days. Product B costs £0.25 per usable day; Product A costs £0.25 per day of a poorly absorbed form. The bottle prices are identical; the value is not. Our explainer on why supplements are expensive unpacks where the rest of the money goes.

The £30/month longevity stack: what goes in

Four ingredients. Two anchor points in the day. Roughly £1 a day.

1. Vitamin D3 — around £4 a month

Vitamin D contributes to normal immune function, normal muscle function, and normal calcium absorption for bone health. In the UK it is the highest-confidence supplement available to almost any adult, because the shortfall is seasonal, population-wide and stated explicitly by public health bodies rather than by marketers.

The NHS advises that everyone aged four and over should consider a daily supplement containing 10 micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D during autumn and winter, since between October and March UK sunlight is not strong enough for skin synthesis. Those with limited sun exposure are advised to consider it year-round [1]. The British Heart Foundation states the same position [11].

Budget notes

This is the cheapest meaningful item you will ever buy. A year's supply of 25 µg (1,000 IU) D3 frequently costs less than a single month of a novel longevity compound. Buy the larger count, not the smaller. Take it with a meal containing fat, since it is fat-soluble — see taking supplements on an empty stomach. Compare options in the Welzo vitamin D collection.

Safety limit: vitamin D accumulates. Do not exceed 100 µg (4,000 IU) daily without medical supervision and a blood test.

2. Creatine monohydrate — around £6 a month

Creatine is the best value-per-pound ingredient in the entire supplement market, and it is routinely absent from longevity stacks because it is mentally filed under "gym".

The International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand concluded that creatine monohydrate is the most extensively studied and clinically effective form, that short and long-term supplementation up to 30 g/day for five years is safe and well tolerated in healthy individuals and in patient populations from infants to the elderly, and that meaningful health benefits may come from habitual low intake of around 3 g/day across the lifespan [14].

The brain-side evidence is what makes it a longevity item rather than a sports one. A 2024 study in Scientific Reports gave a single high dose (0.35 g/kg) during roughly 21 hours of sleep deprivation and found measurable changes in cerebral high-energy phosphates alongside improvements in cognitive performance and processing speed versus placebo, peaking around four hours post-dose [4]. A separate systematic review and meta-analysis in Frontiers in Nutrition examined creatine and cognition across adult populations [5].

Budget notes

Buy plain micronised monohydrate powder in a 500 g or 1 kg tub. Ignore HCl, ethyl ester and "buffered" versions — the ISSN position stand is explicit that no alternative form has been shown superior [14], and they cost several times more. Skip the loading phase; 3–5 g daily saturates stores over three to four weeks. Browse the Welzo creatine collection, and read creatine for longevity and NMN vs creatine.

3. Magnesium — around £7 a month

Magnesium is a cofactor in hundreds of enzymatic reactions including normal muscle function and normal psychological function. Analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey published in Frontiers in Nutrition, covering 3,238 British adults in mid-life, found 19% of adults in their twenties had magnesium intakes below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake. The same analysis found 50.3% of women and 25.8% of men below the LRNI for selenium, and around a quarter of women below the LRNI for iron (25.3%) and potassium (24.3%) [2,10].

What the sleep evidence shows — honestly

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 155 adults aged 18–65 with self-reported poor sleep gave 250 mg elemental magnesium as bisglycinate daily. At week four the magnesium group showed a significantly greater reduction in Insomnia Severity Index scores than placebo (−3.9 versus −2.3; p = 0.049). The authors were explicit that the effect size was small (Cohen's d = 0.2) and described the benefit as modest, with exploratory analysis suggesting larger improvements in participants who started with lower dietary magnesium intake [6].

That is a genuine but moderate effect, concentrated in people who were short to begin with — which is precisely the profile a budget stack should target.

Budget notes

Glycinate (bisglycinate) is well absorbed and is the form used in the trial above. Avoid oxide, which is cheap but poorly absorbed. Magnesium L-threonate is the premium brain-targeted form and sits in the upgrade tier rather than the £30 build; the comparison is set out in magnesium threonate vs glycinate. Shop the Welzo magnesium collection or sleep and relaxation supplements.

4. Omega-3 (EPA and DHA) — around £12 a month

This is the most expensive item in the £30 stack and the one where cutting corners costs you the most, because the active fraction is what you are paying for.

The European Food Safety Authority considers 250 mg of combined EPA and DHA daily adequate for cardiovascular maintenance in healthy adults, and has concluded that combined supplemental intakes up to 5 g/day do not raise safety concerns for adults [3]. A review in Nutrition Research Reviews found 250 mg/day to be the most frequently recommended adult intake internationally, with a median across guidelines of 313 mg/day [12].

Budget notes

Read the EPA and DHA numbers, never the total fish oil weight — a capsule marketed as "1,000 mg" often contains only 300 mg of actual EPA+DHA, meaning you need three capsules and the real cost per dose triples. Target 500–1,000 mg combined EPA+DHA daily if you eat oily fish less than twice a week. Compare the Welzo omega-3 collection; algal versions for plant-based diets sit in vegan and plant-based supplements.

Check first: omega-3 has mild antiplatelet effects. If you take warfarin, a DOAC or another anticoagulant, speak to your GP or pharmacist before starting.

The £30 stack at a glance

Roughly £29 a month, or about 97p a day. Costs vary by brand, strength and pack size, so treat these as planning figures rather than fixed prices. For a fuller cost breakdown across tiers, see longevity stack cost in the UK.

Free and near-free upgrades that outperform capsules

Any honest budget guide has to say this plainly: several interventions that cost nothing will move your healthspan further than anything in the £30 stack. Do these first, or the stack is decoration.

Food-first swaps

The NHS advises that a healthy balanced diet should include at least two portions of fish a week, one of them oily, because oily fish such as salmon and sardines are particularly high in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids [15]. Yet according to Marine Stewardship Council consumer research, only around a fifth of the UK population actually hits that two-portion recommendation [16].

That gap is the entire commercial case for omega-3 capsules — and it also points to the cheapest fix available. Tinned sardines and mackerel are among the least expensive protein sources in a UK supermarket and deliver EPA and DHA at a fraction of the cost per gram of a softgel. Two tins a week can legitimately remove the largest line item from your stack.

The four zero-cost interventions

• Two strength sessions a week. Preserving lean mass and bone density has better long-term evidence than any supplement on this page.
• Zone 2 cardio. Cardiorespiratory fitness is among the strongest predictors of healthspan — see zone 2 training for longevity.
• Seven to nine hours of sleep. No capsule compensates for chronic restriction.
• Daylight exposure. Free vitamin D from late March to September, plus circadian benefit.

For the wider context on what ageing actually involves, see the hallmarks of ageing, autophagy explained and what the Blue Zones actually tell us.

What to add as your budget grows

Add in this order, one item at a time, giving each at least eight weeks before judging it. Adding two things at once means learning nothing about either.

Tier 2 — £30 to £45 a month

The best value additions at this tier are combination products, because you avoid paying four separate bottle-and-shipping costs. The Welzo adaptogen complex above bundles shilajit with ashwagandha, rhodiola and Panax ginseng at £12.99 — background reading in our shilajit UK guide.

If methylation support is your priority because you plan to add an NAD⁺ precursor later, Welzo Ultra Purity TMG at £16.99 is the logical next purchase. Whether you actually need it is covered in do I need TMG with NMN? and TMG vs methylfolate, with buying advice in buy TMG in the UK.

Tier 3 — £45 to £60 a month

This is the tier at which an NAD⁺ precursor becomes affordable without displacing the foundations. NAD⁺ is a coenzyme central to energy metabolism, and cellular levels decline with age.

What the human trials show — and what they don't

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 108 older Japanese adults gave 250 mg NMN or placebo daily for 12 weeks, split by morning or afternoon dosing. Afternoon NMN was associated with improved lower-limb function on the five-times sit-to-stand test and reduced drowsiness, with that group showing the largest effect sizes (d = 0.72 and d = 0.64 respectively) [8]. A 12-week randomised placebo-controlled trial in GeroScience found 250 mg/day increased blood NAD levels, helped maintain walking speed and improved sleep quality in older adults [9].

Against that: a systematic review and meta-analysis of eight randomised controlled trials of NMN (250–2,000 mg/day, 14 days to 12 weeks, 342 middle-aged and older adults) found no significant benefit on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, insulin resistance or lipid profile [13]. NMN raises NAD⁺ reliably; the downstream clinical picture in healthy adults is still being established. That is exactly why it belongs at tier three rather than tier one on a constrained budget.

Practical guidance sits in when to take NMN, NMN with food, NMN dosage by age, cycling NMN and can you take too much NMN. For price comparison across UK retailers, see the cheapest NMN in the UK, cheap NMN UK, where to buy NMN, plus NMN at Holland & Barrett, NMN at Boots and NMN on Amazon UK.

Tier 4 — £60 a month and above

At this tier, buy combinations rather than singles. Current Welzo bundles:

Before committing to resveratrol specifically, read our honest assessment in does resveratrol work? and the form comparison in resveratrol vs pterostilbene. The combined protocol is covered in the NMN, TMG and resveratrol stack, and the full range sits in the Welzo Longevity Stack collection and longevity supplements.

The tier ladder summarised

What to cut first when money is tight

If the budget shrinks rather than grows, remove in this order. This sequence is deliberately the reverse of how most people build a stack.

1. Anything with a proprietary blend. You cannot verify the dose, so you cannot know what you are losing. See supplement fillers explained.
2. Novel high-cost compounds. The newest and priciest items have the thinnest human outcome data. Start with is NMN a scam? for how to think about this critically.
3. Premium forms of cheap ingredients. Liposomal, sublingual and threonate versions may offer advantages, but the standard form at a third of the price is the better budget choice — see sublingual NMN and liposomal NMN.
4. Magnesium, if you sleep well and eat wholegrains, nuts and leafy greens. The trial signal was strongest in people with low baseline intake [6].
5. Omega-3, only if you genuinely eat two portions of oily fish a week. If you do, you have already covered it [15].

What never gets cut: vitamin D in a UK winter, and creatine, because it is the cheapest item on the list with some of the deepest evidence behind it [14].

Seven ways to cut supplement costs without cutting quality

1. Buy multi-packs. Welzo multi-bottle options carry stepped discounts — on NMN Pro 1000, buying two or three bottles reduces the effective monthly cost meaningfully versus repeat single purchases.
2. Choose powder over capsules where taste allows. Creatine, collagen and glutamine powders cost far less per gram than the encapsulated equivalent, because you are not paying for the capsule shell or the encapsulation step.
3. Consolidate orders to clear the free delivery threshold. Welzo offers free UK delivery on orders over £50, so a single quarterly order beats three monthly ones.
4. Buy single ingredients, not blends. Blends charge a premium for combining things you could buy separately at studied doses, and usually underdose at least one component.
5. Do the elemental maths before you buy. Two magnesium tubs at the same price can differ threefold in usable dose. The same applies to EPA/DHA content within fish oil.
6. Run vitamin D seasonally if appropriate. If you get plenty of daylight between late March and September, NHS guidance notes many people can choose not to supplement during those months [1] — though those with limited sun exposure should continue year-round.
7. Buy own-brand where the ingredient is a commodity. For single-ingredient products, what matters is purity, dose and testing, not the brand on the label. The Welzo Ultra Purity range is built on single-ingredient, disclosed-dose formulations for exactly this reason.

Quality on a budget: the three things you must not compromise

In the UK, food supplements are regulated as foods rather than medicines, so they are not assessed for efficacy before sale in the way a licensed medicine is. Cheap is fine. Unverified is not.

Independent third-party testing

A reputable manufacturer has batches tested by an independent laboratory for identity, purity, heavy metals and microbial contamination. This is the difference between a cheap product and a false economy. See third-party tested supplements and Welzo's ingredient quality and purity certifications.

A published Certificate of Analysis

A COA proves what is actually in the capsule and should be batch-specific and recent. The COA for NMN Pro 1000 is published on the product page. Our guide on how to read a supplement certificate of analysis shows what to check.

Disclosed doses in named forms

Elemental amounts for minerals, active fractions for oils, named forms for everything (cholecalciferol, monohydrate, bisglycinate). If a label will not tell you, the product is not cheap — it is opaque.

Who should take extra care

• Anyone on prescription medication, particularly anticoagulants, blood pressure, thyroid or diabetes medication, or antibiotics. Magnesium can affect absorption of some antibiotics; omega-3 affects platelet function.
• Anyone with kidney disease — both magnesium and creatine require normal renal handling and should only be used on medical advice.
• Anyone pregnant or breastfeeding — avoid supplements containing vitamin A from fish liver oil, and seek advice before starting anything new. NMN is not suitable during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Is your money better spent on testing than on capsules?

Often, yes. Six months of a mid-tier stack costs roughly the same as a comprehensive blood panel, and the panel tells you which items you actually need — which usually makes the subsequent stack both smaller and cheaper.

• Vitamin D blood test — tells you whether 10 µg is sufficient or whether you need more.
• Omega-3 and 6 essential fatty acids test — establishes whether your fish intake already covers EPA and DHA, potentially removing the biggest line item.
• Magnesium blood test — useful alongside an honest look at your diet.
• Nutrition and vitamin blood test — broader coverage in a single draw.

If tiredness is what brought you here, a tiredness and fatigue blood test or Full Body MOT Health Check is a far better use of £60 than two months of capsules, because fatigue is more often explained by iron status, thyroid function or B12 than by anything a general stack addresses. See also biological age and how to lower your biological age for what is genuinely measurable.

A four-week rollout on a £30 budget

1. Week 1 — Vitamin D3 only (~£4). One product, attached to breakfast. Establish the habit before spending more.
2. Week 2 — Add creatine (~£6). Stirred into whatever you already drink daily. Running total £10.
3. Week 3 — Add magnesium (~£7). Evening, next to your toothbrush. Running total £17.
4. Week 4 — Add omega-3 (~£12), or two tins of sardines a week instead. Running total £29, or £17 if you take the food-first route.

Then hold for eight to twelve weeks before adding anything. For a broader onboarding framework, see how to start taking longevity supplements, the supplement timing chart, can you take supplements together and how long supplements take to work. Age and situation-specific versions sit in your 30s, women over 40, men over 50, shift workers and vegan diets.

When to speak to a doctor first

Speak to your GP or pharmacist before starting any supplement stack if you take prescription medication, are pregnant or breastfeeding, have kidney or liver disease, have a history of kidney stones or high blood calcium, or are being treated for a chronic condition.

Persistent fatigue, poor concentration and low mood are symptoms of conditions supplements do not treat — including iron deficiency anaemia, thyroid dysfunction, sleep apnoea, depression and vitamin B12 deficiency. If those symptoms have lasted more than a few weeks, a clinical assessment and a blood test such as the thyroid blood test or ferritin (iron) blood test is the right first spend.

Frequently asked questions

What is the best cheap longevity stack in the UK?

For most UK adults, the best cheap longevity stack is vitamin D3 (10–25 µg), creatine monohydrate (3–5 g), magnesium glycinate (200–300 mg elemental) and omega-3 providing 500–1,000 mg combined EPA and DHA. That combination costs roughly £29 a month and covers a documented UK seasonal vitamin D shortfall [1], magnesium intakes below the LRNI in a meaningful share of adults [2], muscle and brain energy buffering [4,5,14], and the EPA/DHA gap created by low oily fish intake [3,15].

Can you really do a longevity stack for £30 a month?

Yes — provided you accept that £30 buys the four foundational ingredients rather than the fashionable ones. It will not include NMN, resveratrol, urolithin A or fisetin. Those sit at £45 a month and upward. The trade-off is worth making, because the £30 items have deeper human evidence than most of what sits above them in price.

Which longevity supplement gives the best value for money?

Creatine monohydrate, comfortably. It is one of the most extensively researched supplement ingredients available, the ISSN position stand describes long-term use as safe and well tolerated in healthy people and in patient groups from infants to the elderly [14], and it typically costs a few pounds a month as plain powder. Vitamin D3 is a close second on cost per unit of evidence.

Is it worth paying more for premium supplement brands?

For single commodity ingredients, what you are actually paying for is purity, disclosed dosing and independent testing — not the name. A well-tested own-brand product at a lower price is generally the better buy. Where premium pricing is sometimes justified is in specialised delivery forms, and even then the standard form usually represents better value on a constrained budget.

Should I buy a multivitamin instead of separate supplements to save money?

It looks cheaper but rarely is, because multivitamins seldom contain meaningful amounts of the things most likely to be short — 25 µg of vitamin D, 200 mg of elemental magnesium, or any EPA and DHA at all. You end up buying the multivitamin and then buying those items anyway. Pick one approach; do not run both.

What is the cheapest way to buy NMN in the UK?

Buy multi-bottle packs rather than repeat single purchases, consolidate orders to clear the free UK delivery threshold of £50, and compare on cost per milligram of NMN rather than per bottle. NMN Pro 1000 starts at £26.99 for 30 servings of 1,000 mg. Detailed comparisons sit in the cheapest NMN in the UK.

Do I need to take a budget stack every day?

Yes for creatine and magnesium, where the benefit comes from sustained tissue levels rather than acute dosing. Vitamin D can reasonably be run seasonally by people with good summer daylight exposure, though those who are indoors most of the time should continue year-round [1]. Omega-3 can be partly or entirely replaced by eating oily fish twice a week [15].

How long before a cheap longevity stack does anything?

Creatine saturates tissue stores over three to four weeks. Vitamin D status typically takes eight to twelve weeks to shift meaningfully. The magnesium sleep effect in the trial cited was measured at four weeks and was modest [6]. Omega-3 membrane incorporation takes months. Judge nothing at two weeks — more detail in how long supplements take to work.

Is NMN worth it if I only have £30 a month?

Not as your first purchase. NMN raises blood NAD levels reliably and has been associated with improvements in physical function, drowsiness and sleep quality in 12-week trials in older adults [8,9], but a meta-analysis of eight RCTs found no significant effect on glucose or lipid markers [13]. On £30 a month, the four foundational ingredients have stronger evidence per pound. Add NMN at around the £45–£60 tier once the foundations are consistent.

What should I skip entirely on a tight budget?

Proprietary blends where the per-ingredient dose is hidden, greens powders sold as a vegetable substitute, standalone collagen bought purely for skin, and any novel compound priced above £40 a month whose evidence base is primarily preclinical. Our honest assessments are in longevity supplements that don't work and does resveratrol work?

References

1. NHS. Vitamin D — Vitamins and minerals. National Health Service. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/
2. Derbyshire E. Micronutrient Intakes of British Adults Across Mid-Life: A Secondary Analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2018;5:55. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00055/full
3. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of EPA, DHA and DPA. EFSA Journal. 2012;10(7):2815. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815
4. Gordji-Nejad A, Matusch A, Kleedörfer S, et al. Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:4937. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54249-9
5. The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2024;11:1424972. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1424972/full
6. Magnesium Bisglycinate Supplementation in Healthy Adults Reporting Poor Sleep: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/
7. High-dose L-theanine–caffeine combination improves neurobehavioural and neurophysiological measures of selective attention in acutely sleep-deprived young adults. British Journal of Nutrition. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789769/
8. Kim M, Seol J, Sato T, et al. Effect of 12-Week Intake of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Physical Performance in Older Japanese Adults. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):755. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8877443/
9. Morifuji M, Higashi S, Ebihara S, Nagata M. Ingestion of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide increased blood NAD levels, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults. GeroScience. 2024;46(5):4671–4688. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11336149/
10. Public Health England. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Years 1 to 9 of the Rolling Programme — Time Trend and Income Analyses. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c45e22340f0b61704aec504/NDNS_UK_Y1-9_report.pdf
11. British Heart Foundation. Vitamin D: deficiency, supplements, sunlight and diet. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/nutrition/ask-the-expert/vitamin-d
12. An overview of national and international long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake recommendations for healthy populations. Nutrition Research Reviews, Cambridge University Press. Read on Cambridge Core
13. Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Current Diabetes Reports. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557618/
14. Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;14:18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5469049/
15. NHS. Fish and shellfish. Live Well — Eat Well. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/food-types/fish-and-shellfish-nutrition/
16. Marine Stewardship Council. Only 1 in 5 people eating NHS recommended two portions of fish a week. https://www.msc.org/uk/media-centre/press-releases/press-release/only-1-in-5-people-eating-nhs-recommended-two-portions-of-fish-a-week

All product photography in this article is owned by Welzo and served from the Welzo media library. Prices correct at the time of publication and subject to change.