Vegan Longevity Supplements: What to Watch For

A well-planned plant-based diet is compatible with excellent long-term health — but "well-planned" is doing a great deal of work in that sentence. A vegan longevity supplement stack applies the evidence hierarchy set out in our longevity supplements guide, then filters it through the vegan and plant-based supplements that are genuinely animal-free.

A handful of nutrients are genuinely difficult to obtain from plants, and missing them has consequences that compound over decades. That much is widely understood. The second problem is less discussed and more insidious: a significant proportion of supplements sold as "natural" or "clean" contain animal-derived components that never appear on the front of the pack. Gelatin capsules, lanolin-sourced vitamin D3, fish-derived omega-3, bovine collagen and shellfish glucosamine are all routine.

This guide covers both. It sets out which nutrient gaps a vegan stack must close and at what dose, which label ingredients to check before you buy, and which longevity compounds are plant-suitable.

Why a vegan stack starts from a different place

The NHS position is explicit

This is not a fringe concern raised by supplement companies. NHS guidance on the vegan diet states directly that people following a vegan diet should have fortified foods or consider supplements containing nutrients that are more difficult to obtain from plants alone, and names five specifically: vitamin D, vitamin B12, iodine, selenium and calcium [1].

That list is the spine of any credible vegan longevity stack. Everything fashionable comes after it.

What the intake data shows

A systematic review of the nutritional adequacy of vegan diets covering 15 studies and 5,031 participants found average vitamin B12 intake among vegans of 0–0.9 µg/day, against a Reference Nutrient Intake of around 2.4 µg/day [4]. A separate systematic review by Pawlak and colleagues, covering 40 studies, reported B12 deficiency prevalence in vegetarians ranging from 0 to 86.5% in adults and elderly individuals, with prevalence in vegans higher than in other vegetarian groups [3].

A UK study of 62 women comparing omnivores, vegetarians and vegans found that all three groups recorded intakes of vitamin D, iron, iodine and selenium below the RNI — but the vegan group had significantly lower intakes of vitamin D, B12, calcium, selenium and iodine than the other two, with particularly low selenium (24.7 µg) and iodine (24.4 µg) [5].

Two problems, not one

Most vegan supplement guides address only the nutrient gaps. The second problem is sourcing: a supplement that closes a gap perfectly is still no use to you if the capsule shell is bovine gelatin. We deal with both below, in that order.

The eight nutrient gaps a vegan stack must close

1. Vitamin B12 — the non-negotiable

B12 is produced by bacteria, not by plants, and no unfortified plant food is a reliable source. Deficiency develops slowly and can cause irreversible neurological damage before anaemia appears, which is precisely why it cannot be left to chance.

Dose

A 2024 review in Dietetics concluded that supplementation is essential for everyone following vegetarian and vegan diets, and set out a practical prevention protocol: one oral dose of 50–100 µg cyanocobalamin daily, or 2,000 µg weekly divided into two oral doses [3]. Higher oral doses are used because passive absorption is inefficient once the intrinsic factor pathway is saturated.

Note that spirulina, nori and unwashed produce do not count. Compare options in the Welzo vitamin B12 collection.

2. Vitamin D — and the D3 sourcing problem

The NHS advises everyone in the UK aged four and over to consider a daily supplement containing 10 micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D during autumn and winter, since between October and March UK sunlight is not strong enough for skin synthesis. Those with limited sun exposure should consider it year-round [2]. The British Heart Foundation states the same position [11].

The sourcing catch

Most vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) on the market is extracted from lanolin — sheep's wool grease — and is therefore not vegan. Vegans have two options: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), which is plant-derived but generally considered less effective at raising and maintaining blood levels, or lichen-derived D3, which is genuinely vegan and performs like conventional D3. If a product simply says "vitamin D3" with no source stated, assume lanolin until the manufacturer confirms otherwise.

Browse strengths and formats in the Welzo vitamin D collection, checking the source on each product page.

Safety limit: vitamin D is fat-soluble and accumulates. Do not exceed 100 µg (4,000 IU) daily without medical supervision and a blood test.

3. Omega-3 EPA and DHA — why flaxseed is not enough

This is the gap most often assumed to be covered when it is not. Flax, chia, hemp and walnuts supply ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), and the body converts some ALA into the long-chain omega-3s EPA and DHA. The problem is how little.

Isotope work summarised in a widely cited review found conversion of ALA to EPA of approximately 6%, and to DHA of approximately 3.8%, against a background diet high in saturated fat — with conversion to DHA described as severely restricted [8]. Conversion is further suppressed by high omega-6 intake, which is common on plant-based diets rich in vegetable oils.

What that means in practice

The European Food Safety Authority considers 250 mg of combined EPA and DHA daily adequate for cardiovascular maintenance in adults, with combined supplemental intakes up to 5 g/day not raising safety concerns [6]. A review in Nutrition Research Reviews found 250 mg/day to be the most frequently recommended adult intake internationally, median 313 mg/day across guidelines [7]. Reaching even the lower figure through ALA conversion alone would require an implausible intake of flaxseed.

The solution is algal oil, which is where fish get their EPA and DHA in the first place. Target 250–500 mg combined EPA+DHA daily from an algal source. Look in the Welzo omega-3 collection and the vegan and plant-based range, checking that the source is algae rather than fish or krill.

4. Iodine — the most commonly missed

Iodine is required for thyroid hormone synthesis. In omnivorous UK diets it comes largely from dairy and fish; remove both and intake frequently collapses. The UK study cited above recorded mean iodine intake of 24.4 µg in vegan women — a fraction of the 150 µg adult RNI [5].

The 2024 Dietetics review recommends iodine supplementation for vegetarians and vegans who cannot reliably access sea vegetables or iodine-fortified foods, at 150 µg daily for adults [3].

A warning about seaweed

Seaweed is not a controlled dose. Iodine content varies enormously between species and batches, and kelp in particular can deliver many times the safe upper intake in a single serving, which can disrupt thyroid function. A measured supplement is safer than a kelp tablet of unknown strength. See the Welzo iodine collection; if thyroid symptoms are a concern, a thyroid blood test is the sensible first step.

5. Selenium

Selenium supports normal thyroid function and antioxidant defence. Plant selenium content depends entirely on soil, and UK and European soils are relatively poor in it. The same UK study recorded mean intake of 24.7 µg in vegan women against an adult RNI of 60–75 µg [5].

The Dietetics review takes a deliberately conservative line here, recommending that selenium supplementation be reserved for individuals with clinical evidence of deficiency, given concerns about adverse effects on lipid profiles and type 2 diabetes risk at higher intakes [3]. Two or three Brazil nuts a day is the food-first route. If you supplement, keep the dose modest and see the Welzo selenium collection.

6. Calcium

Calcium intake in the majority of vegans falls below recommendations, and the systematic review of vegan dietary adequacy identified it alongside B12, zinc and selenium as a deficiency that should not be disregarded [4]. This matters more than it sounds, for reasons covered in the bone health section below.

Fortified plant milks are the easiest fix — but only if fortified, and only if you shake the carton, since calcium settles. Organic plant milks are frequently unfortified. See the Welzo calcium collection.

7. Iron and zinc

Plant iron is non-haem and less bioavailable than haem iron, and both iron and zinc absorption are inhibited by phytates in wholegrains and legumes. NHS vegan guidance notes that vitamin C helps the body absorb iron from plant sources [1] — pairing pulses with peppers, citrus or tomatoes is a genuine, free intervention.

Do not supplement iron speculatively. Excess iron is harmful and supplementation should follow a documented deficiency, which means a ferritin (iron) blood test first. If deficiency is confirmed, see the Welzo iron collection; zinc options sit in the zinc collection.

8. Creatine — the vegan-specific upside

This is the one entry on the list where being vegan is an advantage, in the sense that you have more to gain.

Dietary creatine comes almost exclusively from meat and fish, so vegans start with lower muscle and plasma creatine stores. A systematic review of nine studies in vegetarians found that creatine supplementation increased total creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations in muscle, plasma and red blood cells, often to levels greater than omnivores, and increased lean tissue mass, type II fibre area, muscular strength, muscular endurance and measures of brain function including memory and intelligence in vegetarian participants [9].

A randomised controlled trial published in BMC Medicine that included both omnivores and vegetarians noted that an earlier study comparing the two groups found creatine benefited memory in vegetarians but not omnivores [10]. The International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand describes creatine monohydrate as the most extensively studied and clinically effective form, with short and long-term supplementation up to 30 g/day for five years shown to be safe and well tolerated in healthy individuals and in patient populations [12].

Creatine monohydrate is synthesised, not animal-derived, so it is vegan by default — though the capsule shell may not be. Powder avoids that question entirely. Dose 3–5 g daily. See the Welzo creatine collection, creatine for longevity and NMN vs creatine.

The vegan gap chart

Hidden animal ingredients: what to watch for on the label

This is the section most vegan supplement guides skip. A product can be entirely plant-based in its active ingredient and still fail on its delivery system, its excipients or its colouring.

Capsule shells

The most common failure point. Standard capsules are made from gelatin derived from bovine or porcine collagen. The vegan alternative is HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), a plant cellulose derivative — NMN Pro 1000 uses HPMC vegetable capsules, for example. If a label lists "capsule shell" without specifying, check the product page or ask before buying. Powders and tablets sidestep the issue, though tablets have their own binders to check.

Vitamin D3 sourcing

Covered above, but worth repeating because it is so widespread: unless a product explicitly states lichen-derived D3 or is certified vegan, D3 should be assumed to come from lanolin.

Omega-3 sourcing

"Marine omega-3", "fish oil", "cod liver oil" and "krill oil" are all animal-derived. Only algal oil is vegan. Krill oil is also a common carrier for astaxanthin, so check combination products carefully.

Fillers, colourings and glazes

Related reading on what else ends up in a capsule: supplement fillers explained.

Longevity compounds and vegan suitability

Once the foundational gaps are covered, the longevity-specific compounds become worth considering. Most are plant-derived or synthesised, but the capsule question still applies to all of them.

NMN and NAD⁺ precursors

NAD⁺ is a coenzyme central to energy metabolism, and cellular levels decline with age. NMN is produced by fermentation or synthesis rather than from animal sources, so the active ingredient is plant-suitable; the capsule is the variable to check.

What the trials show

A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 108 older Japanese adults gave 250 mg NMN or placebo daily for 12 weeks. Afternoon dosing was associated with improved lower-limb function on the five-times sit-to-stand test and reduced drowsiness, with the largest effect sizes in that group (d = 0.72 and d = 0.64) [14]. A 12-week randomised placebo-controlled trial in GeroScience found 250 mg/day increased blood NAD levels, helped maintain walking speed and improved sleep quality in older adults [15].

Set against that, a systematic review and meta-analysis of eight randomised controlled trials (250–2,000 mg/day, 14 days to 12 weeks, 342 middle-aged and older adults) found no significant benefit on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, insulin resistance or lipid profile [16]. NMN raises NAD⁺ reliably; the downstream clinical picture in healthy adults is still developing. Practical guidance sits in when to take NMN, NMN with food, NMN dosage by age and our NAD supplement guide.

TMG — with a vegan-specific rationale

TMG (trimethylglycine, or betaine) is commercially derived from sugar beet and is therefore plant-based. It is usually discussed as a methyl donor to pair with NAD⁺ precursors — see do I need TMG with NMN? and TMG vs methylfolate. There is a secondary reason it comes up in plant-based contexts: B12 status is directly tied to homocysteine metabolism, which is why B12 adequacy should be established before considering methylation support rather than after.

Spermidine, resveratrol and other plant-derived compounds

Spermidine is usually wheat-germ derived. Trans-resveratrol is generally extracted from Japanese knotweed. Berberine comes from plant sources including barberry. Astaxanthin is produced by microalgae, though it is sometimes delivered in a krill or fish oil base — check the carrier. Read our honest assessments in does resveratrol work?, resveratrol vs pterostilbene, spermidine vs NMN and berberine vs metformin, plus buying guidance in buy spermidine UK and buy TMG UK.

What is never vegan

Collagen is the clearest example. All collagen peptides are bovine, porcine or marine in origin — there is no such thing as vegan collagen, and products marketed as "vegan collagen builders" are typically vitamin C and amino acid blends intended to support your own collagen synthesis rather than collagen itself. That is a legitimate product category, but it is not the same thing, and the labelling frequently blurs the two. Our comparison in astaxanthin vs collagen covers the alternatives, and supplements for skin ageing covers what else is evidenced.

Bone health: the finding vegans should take seriously

An honest guide has to include this, because it is the most robust long-term signal in the literature and it is directly actionable.

The EPIC-Oxford study followed nearly 55,000 UK adults for an average of 17.6 years, including 1,982 vegans at baseline. After adjustment for BMI, vegans had a substantially higher risk of hip fracture than meat eaters (hazard ratio 2.31, 95% CI 1.66–3.22). Vegans also showed higher risks of total fractures and of fractures at some other sites, with the authors reporting close to 20 additional total fractures per 1,000 people over a ten-year period compared with meat eaters [13].

How to read that finding

Three caveats matter. This is an observational cohort, so it demonstrates association rather than causation. Vegans in the cohort had lower average BMI, which is itself associated with higher hip fracture risk. And the authors identified lower calcium and protein intakes as plausible contributors, concluding that bone health in vegans requires further research [13].

None of that makes the finding dismissible. What it makes it is addressable, because the three candidate mechanisms are all things you can act on:

• Calcium. Use fortified plant milks and check they are actually fortified. See the calcium collection.
• Protein. Vegan diets tend to be lower in total protein. Aim for adequate intake across the day rather than one large serving — see the Welzo protein range and plant-based options.
• Vitamin D and resistance training. Vitamin D supports calcium absorption; loading the skeleton through strength work is the strongest non-nutritional lever available. See zone 2 and training for longevity.

Vitamin K2 is also frequently raised in this context. Most MK-7 is produced by bacterial fermentation of natto (soy) and is therefore usually vegan, though MK-4 forms may not be — see the vitamin K collection and check the source.

Test, don't guess: what to measure and when

On a plant-based diet, testing is more valuable than it is for omnivores, because the gaps are predictable enough to be worth confirming and several of them are silent until they are advanced.

• Vegan blood test — built for exactly this purpose, covering the markers most likely to drift on a plant-based diet.
• Vitamin D blood test — establishes whether 10 µg is sufficient for you or whether you need more.
• Ferritin (iron) blood test — essential before supplementing iron, which should never be speculative.
• Omega-3 and 6 essential fatty acids test — the direct way to find out whether your ALA intake is translating into EPA and DHA status.
• Thyroid blood test — relevant given the iodine and selenium picture above.
• Nutrition and vitamin blood test or vitamin deficiency test — broader coverage in one draw.

If fatigue is what brought you here, a tiredness and fatigue blood test or Full Body MOT Health Check is the better first step than any supplement, since B12 and iron are two of the most common explanations on a plant-based diet and both are straightforward to measure.

A practical vegan longevity protocol

Daily structure

Sequencing guidance sits in our supplement timing chart, can you take supplements together, supplements on an empty stomach and how to start longevity supplements. If you are keeping things deliberately small, see the minimal supplement stack; for cost-conscious builds, see the cheap longevity stack and longevity stack cost in the UK. Expanded protocols sit in our longevity stack guide, with realistic expectations set out in how long supplements take to work.

Age and life-stage variants of this protocol are covered in longevity supplements in your 30s, women over 40, men over 50 and shift workers. For the science underneath all of it, see the hallmarks of ageing, biological age and how to lower your biological age. And for a sceptical counterweight before you spend anything, read longevity supplements that don't work and is NMN a scam?

Quality, certification and third-party testing

Certification versus a label claim

"Suitable for vegans" is a manufacturer's own statement. Registered marks from recognised vegan certification bodies involve third-party verification of the full ingredient and manufacturing chain, including processing aids that never appear on the ingredient list. Neither guarantees quality — they address a different question — but certification is meaningfully stronger than an unverified claim.

Third-party testing and Certificates of Analysis

Separately from vegan status, a reputable manufacturer has batches tested by an independent laboratory for identity, purity, heavy metals and microbial contamination. The COA for NMN Pro 1000 is published on the product page. See third-party tested supplements, how to read a certificate of analysis and Welzo's ingredient quality and purity certifications. The Welzo Ultra Purity range is built on single-ingredient, disclosed-dose formulations without proprietary blends.

Who should take extra care

• Anyone taking prescription medication, particularly anticoagulants, thyroid medication, antibiotics or diabetes medication. Algal omega-3 affects platelet function; iodine affects thyroid function; calcium and iron interfere with the absorption of several drugs.
• Anyone with a thyroid condition — do not start iodine without medical advice, as both deficiency and excess disrupt thyroid function.
• Anyone with kidney disease — creatine requires normal renal handling and should only be used on medical advice.
• Anyone pregnant or breastfeeding — B12, iodine and vitamin D requirements change, and specific guidance applies. Seek advice before starting or changing anything.

When to speak to a doctor first

Speak to your GP or pharmacist before starting a supplement stack if you take prescription medication, are pregnant or breastfeeding, have thyroid, kidney or liver disease, or are being treated for a chronic condition.

Seek clinical assessment rather than self-supplementing if you experience persistent fatigue, pins and needles or numbness in the hands or feet, memory or balance problems, mouth ulcers, or a sore red tongue. Several of these can indicate B12 deficiency, where delayed treatment risks lasting neurological damage — and where folate supplementation can mask the anaemia while the neurological process continues. This is a situation where testing genuinely matters rather than being a nice-to-have.

Frequently asked questions

What supplements do vegans actually need?

NHS guidance on the vegan diet names vitamin D, vitamin B12, iodine, selenium and calcium as nutrients that are harder to obtain from plants and worth getting from fortified foods or supplements [1]. To that list, most evidence-based protocols add algal EPA/DHA, because ALA conversion is too inefficient to rely on [8], and creatine, because dietary creatine comes almost entirely from meat and fish [9].

Is vitamin D3 vegan?

Usually not. Most vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is extracted from lanolin, the grease in sheep's wool. Vegan options are lichen-derived D3, which is genuinely plant-based and behaves like conventional D3, or vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) from yeast or fungi, which is generally considered less effective at raising and maintaining blood levels. If a label does not state the source, assume lanolin until confirmed.

Can I get enough omega-3 from flaxseed and chia?

Not reliably. Flax, chia and walnuts provide ALA, and human conversion of ALA has been estimated at roughly 6% to EPA and 3.8% to DHA, with conversion to DHA described as severely restricted [8]. High omega-6 intake reduces it further. Algal oil supplies EPA and DHA directly and is the practical solution for anyone on a plant-based diet.

How much B12 should a vegan take?

A 2024 review recommends either one oral dose of 50–100 µg cyanocobalamin daily or 2,000 µg weekly split into two doses, as prevention for those on vegetarian and vegan diets [3]. The high oral doses reflect inefficient passive absorption. If you suspect existing deficiency, get tested rather than self-treating, as treatment doses differ and neurological symptoms need proper assessment.

Do vegans need creatine more than meat eaters?

They stand to gain more. Because dietary creatine comes from meat and fish, vegans start with lower stores. A systematic review of studies in vegetarians found creatine supplementation raised muscle, plasma and red blood cell creatine — often above omnivore levels — and improved lean tissue mass, strength, endurance and measures of memory and intelligence [9]. Creatine monohydrate is synthesised rather than animal-derived, so the powder is vegan; check the capsule shell if buying capsules.

Is there such a thing as vegan collagen?

No. All collagen peptides are bovine, porcine or marine. Products labelled "vegan collagen" are generally blends of vitamin C, amino acids and other cofactors intended to support your body's own collagen production. That can be a reasonable product, but it is not collagen, and the labelling often obscures the difference.

Are Welzo supplements suitable for vegans?

It varies by product, so check each product page. NMN Pro 1000 uses vegan HPMC vegetable capsules, for example, whereas the bovine collagen peptides are by definition not vegan. Products specifically formulated for plant-based diets are grouped in the vegan and plant-based supplements collection.

Should vegans worry about bone health?

It is worth taking seriously without being alarmed by it. The EPIC-Oxford cohort of nearly 55,000 UK adults found vegans had a higher risk of hip fracture than meat eaters after BMI adjustment (HR 2.31), and roughly 20 more total fractures per 1,000 people over ten years [13]. It is observational data, and the authors pointed to lower BMI, calcium and protein intakes as plausible contributors, calling for further research. The actionable response is adequate calcium, adequate protein, sufficient vitamin D and regular resistance training.

Is seaweed a good iodine source for vegans?

It is an unreliable one. Iodine content varies dramatically between seaweed species and batches, and kelp in particular can deliver many times the safe upper limit in one serving, which can disrupt thyroid function. A measured 150 µg supplement is a safer route than an uncontrolled dose [3]. If you have a thyroid condition, speak to your doctor before starting iodine at all.

Can vegans take NMN and other longevity supplements?

Generally yes — NMN is produced by fermentation or synthesis, TMG comes from sugar beet, spermidine from wheat germ and trans-resveratrol from Japanese knotweed. The variable is the capsule shell and any carrier oil. That said, these belong after B12, vitamin D, iodine and algal omega-3 are consistently covered, not before. See the NMN pillar guide and the longevity supplements collection.

References

1. NHS. The vegan diet. Live Well — Eat Well. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/the-vegan-diet/
2. NHS. Vitamin D — Vitamins and minerals. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/vitamin-d/
3. Gibbs J, Cappuccio FP. Common Nutritional Shortcomings in Vegetarians and Vegans. Dietetics. 2024;3(2):114–128. https://www.mdpi.com/2674-0311/3/2/10
4. Bakaloudi DR, Halloran A, Rippin HL, et al. Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet: a systematic review of the evidence. Clinical Nutrition. 2021;40(5):3503–3521. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261561420306567
5. Low Intakes of Iodine and Selenium Amongst Vegan and Vegetarian Women Highlight a Potential Nutritional Vulnerability. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7251157/
6. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of EPA, DHA and DPA. EFSA Journal. 2012;10(7):2815. https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2815
7. An overview of national and international long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake recommendations for healthy populations. Nutrition Research Reviews, Cambridge University Press. Read on Cambridge Core
8. Gerster H. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)? International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 1998;68(3):159–173. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9637947/
9. Kaviani M, Shaw K, Chilibeck PD. Benefits of Creatine Supplementation for Vegetarians Compared to Omnivorous Athletes: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(9):3041. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7246861/
10. The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance — a randomised controlled study. BMC Medicine. 2023;21:440. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10647179/
11. British Heart Foundation. Vitamin D: deficiency, supplements, sunlight and diet. https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/nutrition/ask-the-expert/vitamin-d
12. Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;14:18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5469049/
13. Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Armstrong MEG, et al. Vegetarian and vegan diets and risks of total and site-specific fractures: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study. BMC Medicine. 2020;18:353. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682057/
14. Kim M, Seol J, Sato T, et al. Effect of 12-Week Intake of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Physical Performance in Older Japanese Adults. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):755. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8877443/
15. Morifuji M, Higashi S, Ebihara S, Nagata M. Ingestion of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide increased blood NAD levels, maintained walking speed, and improved sleep quality in older adults. GeroScience. 2024;46(5):4671–4688. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11336149/
16. Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Current Diabetes Reports. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11557618/
17. Magnesium Bisglycinate Supplementation in Healthy Adults Reporting Poor Sleep: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12412596/

All product photography in this article is owned by Welzo and served from the Welzo media library. Vegan suitability varies by product — always check the individual product page before purchase.