Asthma: Definition, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease, as it causes the airways to narrow and inflammation, as defined by Dr. Elizabeth Matsui, a renowned allergist and asthma expert. Asthma results in various symptoms that are able to significantly impact an individual's quality of life. 

Around 5.4 million people in the UK have asthma, with 1.1 million of those being children, according to Dr. Samantha Walker, Deputy Chief Executive of Asthma UK. Asthma is characterised by symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. These symptoms vary in severity and frequency, which highlights the importance of recognising the signs of asthma and understanding asthma risk factors.

Various factors contribute to the development and exacerbation of asthma, but there are effective strategies for diagnosing and treating the respiratory condition.  individuals are able to work towards effectively managing their symptoms and maintaining a high quality of life by gaining a comprehensive understanding of asthma.

 

What is Asthma?

Asthma is characterised by recurrent episodes of airway constriction, which causes wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Asthma affects people of all ages, with varying degrees of severity, and significantly impacts one's quality of life if left unmanaged.

The primary issue in asthma is the inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air in and out of the lungs. The bronchial tubes inflammation causes the airways to become hyper-responsive, leading to swelling, excess mucus production, and constriction of the smooth muscles surrounding the airways. As a result, the air passages narrow, obstructing the flow of air and making it difficult to breathe.

Asthma is triggered by various factors, including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, cold air, tobacco smoke, and exposure to certain chemicals or irritants. These triggers cause the immune system to overreact, leading to the inflammation and constriction of the airways that characterise an asthma attack. The severity and frequency of these attacks vary greatly from one individual to another, emphasising the importance of proper management and treatment to maintain good lung function and overall health.

 

What are other terms for Asthma?

Asthma is often referred to by various names or terminologies, which sometimes causes confusion or misunderstanding. However, these alternative terms typically describe specific aspects or subtypes of asthma. Some of the other terms for asthma include bronchial, allergic, Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA) or Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), occupational, nocturnal, brittle, and eosinophilic asthma. 

Bronchial asthma is frequently used interchangeably with asthma and specifically highlights the involvement of the bronchial tubes in the condition. The inflammation and constriction of the bronchial tubes are the primary factors leading to asthma symptoms.

Allergic asthma refers to asthma triggered by allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or mould spores. The subtype, the immune system overreacts to the allergens, leading to the inflammation and constriction of the airways characteristic of an asthma attack.

Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA) or Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) are the terms used to describe asthma symptoms that occur specifically during or after physical activity. Individuals with EIA or EIB experience difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, or chest tightness when exercising. Learning more about Exercise-Induced Asthma Causes, Symptoms, and Management Strategies helps better understand and prevent future attacks caused by EIA. 

Occupational asthma is a form of asthma caused by exposure to specific irritants or allergens in the workplace. Common triggers include chemicals, dust, fumes, or animal proteins. The subtype of asthma improve when the individual is no longer exposed to the triggering agent.

Nocturnal asthma refers to asthma symptoms that worsen at night, often disrupting sleep. Nocturnal asthma is particularly challenging to manage, as it lead to poor sleep quality and increased daytime fatigue. While these alternative terms highlight specific aspects or subtypes of asthma, it is essential to remember that they all describe the same underlying condition – the chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to breathing difficulties. Recognising these different terms helps individuals better understand their asthma and work towards more effective management and treatment strategies.

Brittle Asthma: Brittle asthma is a rare and severe form of asthma characterised by sudden, severe, and life-threatening attacks that are difficult to control with standard treatments. Brittle asthma is often divided into two subtypes: Type 1, which involves wide fluctuations in peak flow measurements and chronic symptoms, and Type 2, which involves sudden and severe attacks with little or no warning. Management of brittle asthma requires close monitoring by a specialist, an individualised treatment plan, and sometimes the use of additional medications, such as immunosuppressants or monoclonal.

Eosinophilic asthma is a form of asthma is often associated with more severe symptoms, frequent exacerbations, and a reduced response to standard asthma treatments. Eosinophilic asthma is a subtype of severe asthma characterised by an elevated number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, in the blood and airways. Management of eosinophilic asthma require additional therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies targeting specific immune system components, to reduce eosinophil levels and inflammation.

 

What does Asthma do to the body?

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that impacts the body primarily by causing inflammation and constriction of the airways. Asthma and its effects of asthma on the human body are important to understand. It is essential to explain how asthma works and the consequences of these processes on various bodily functions.

When an individual with asthma encounters a trigger, such as allergens, irritants, exercise, or respiratory infections, their immune system overreacts, leading to a series of events that impact the airways such as inflammation, increased mucus production, constriction of airway muscles, reduced oxygen intake, impaired physical activity, impact on sleep and psychological effects.

Inflammation is how the immune system responds to the trigger by releasing various chemicals and cells that cause inflammation in the airways. Inflammation leads to swelling and narrowing of the air passages, making it harder for air to flow in and out of the lungs.

Asthma causes the cells lining the airways to produce excess mucus, which further obstructs the air passages and contribute to breathing difficulties.

The smooth muscles surrounding the airways contract in response to asthma triggers, further narrowing the air passages and making it even more challenging to breathe. These processes result in the common symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The severity and frequency of these symptoms varies greatly from one individual to another and have several effects on the body.

As the airways become narrowed and obstructed, it becomes increasingly difficult for the individual to take in sufficient oxygen. The reduced oxygen intake leads to shortness of breath and, in severe cases, result in oxygen deprivation, which are life-threatening.

The breathing difficulties associated with asthma limits an individual's ability to engage in physical activities, as their lungs struggle to meet the increased oxygen demands during exercise.

Asthma symptoms worsen at night, disrupting sleep and leading to increased daytime fatigue and a reduced quality of life.

Living with a chronic condition like asthma has a psychological impact, including anxiety and depression, particularly if the condition is not well managed. In summary, asthma affects the human body by causing inflammation and constriction of the airways, leading to breathing difficulties and a range of other consequences that impact an individual's physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. 

 

How does asthma affect the respiratory system?

Asthma significantly affects the respiratory system by causing inflammation and constriction of the bronchial tubes, which are responsible for carrying air in and out of the lungs.  Asthma causes recurrent episodes that include coughing, chest tightness, wheezing and shortness of breath as a result of a hyper-responsive airway, as stated by Dr. Paul Enright, a pulmonologist and asthma specialist.

During an asthma attack, three main changes occur in the respiratory system involving inflammation, increased mucus production and bronchoconstriction.

The immune system responds to a trigger by releasing chemicals and cells, leading to inflammation in the bronchial tubes. Inflammation causes the airways to swell and narrow, obstructing the flow of air and making it harder to breathe.

The cells lining the airways increase the mucus production during an asthma attack. Mucus further obstructs the air passages, contributing to the difficulty in breathing.

The smooth muscles surrounding the bronchial tubes contract in response to asthma triggers, which narrows the airways even more, exacerbating breathing difficulties and resulting in bronchoconstriction.

Asthma affects a significant portion of the population, with around 5.4 million people in the UK having asthma, and 1.1 million of those being children. The impact of asthma on the respiratory system varies in severity, ranging from mild to life-threatening. If left unmanaged, asthma leads to long-term damage to the respiratory system and reduced lung function.

Managing asthma effectively is essential to minimise its impact on the respiratory system and overall health. With the right treatment and management plan, individuals with asthma maintain healthy lung function and experience fewer asthma attacks, leading to a better quality of life. Check out Welzo's guide to Asthma Attacks.

 

Who is at risk of developing Asthma?

Asthma develop at any age, certain factors increase the likelihood of an individual developing the condition. Asthma affects individuals who have a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental exposure to various triggers. 

The key risk factors include family history, personal history of allergies, childhood respiratory infections, exposure to allergens and irritants and obesity.

A family history of asthma or other allergic conditions, such as eczema or hay fever, increase the risk of developing asthma.

Individuals with allergies, particularly those with allergic rhinitis (hay fever) or atopic dermatitis (eczema), are at a higher risk of developing asthma. For an extensive guide, read our article on allergies and asthma: a comprehensive guide. 

Severe respiratory infections during childhood increase the risk of developing asthma later in life.

Regular exposure to allergens (e.g., dust mites, pollen, pet dander) or irritants (e.g., tobacco smoke, pollution, chemicals) increase the risk of developing asthma.

There is evidence to suggest that being overweight or obese increase the risk of developing asthma.

 

Risks for Children Developing Asthma

Asthma remains one of the most common chronic conditions among children, impacting their health and daily activities. Asthma affects an estimated 13.4% of children globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The triggers for childhood asthma include allergens, respiratory infections, and exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke or pollution. Early diagnosis and proper management of asthma in children are essential for ensuring good lung function, avoiding complications, and enabling them to lead healthy and active lives.

 

Risks for Adults Developing Asthma

Asthma develop at any age, and it affects a significant number of adults worldwide. As per the Global Burden of Disease Study, it is estimated that approximately 4.3% of the global adult population is affected by asthma. Adult-onset asthma attributes to various factors, such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposure, and workplace allergens or irritants. Identifying and addressing these factors help adults with asthma maintain good lung function, reduce the frequency and severity of asthma attacks, and improve their overall quality of life.

 

What are Different Types of Asthma?

Listed below are the different types of asthma including allergic, non-allergic, Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), cough-variant, occupational, Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), nocturnal and severe asthma. 

Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma, affecting around of individuals with the condition. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens, such as pollen, pet dander, or dust mites, leading to asthma symptoms. Allergic asthma typically develops in childhood and is often associated with other allergic conditions like hay fever or eczema. It is important to understand the allergen avoidance and immunotherapy for effective management of allergic asthma, as found by Dr. Harold S. Nelson, a leading expert in allergic asthma .

Non-allergic asthma is not triggered by allergens but rather by irritants, infections, or other factors. Common triggers include tobacco smoke, air pollution, cold air, and respiratory infections. Non-allergic asthma develop at any age and often has a later onset than allergic asthma. The significance of identifying and avoiding triggers as well as using appropriate medications for controlling symptoms is emphasised by Dr. Richard F. Lockey, a renowned specialist in non-allergic asthma. Non-allergic asthma accounts for approximately 10-33% of all asthma cases, according to a study published in The Lancet .

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), formerly known as exercise-induced asthma, is characterised by asthma symptoms that occur during or shortly after physical activity. EIB is caused by the rapid loss of heat and moisture in the airways during exercise, leading to bronchoconstriction. EIB affects individuals with or without chronic asthma. It is recommended to pre-exercise warm-up and use short-acting bronchodilators for effective management of EIB, highlighted by Dr. Jonathan Parsons, an EIB expert. It is estimated that EIB affects around 90% of individuals with asthma and 10% of the general population, as stated by the National Institutes of Health.

Cough-variant asthma is a form of asthma where the primary symptom is a persistent, dry cough. Cough-variant asthma is challenging to diagnose, as it is not present with traditional asthma symptoms such as wheezing or shortness of breath. It is important to understand and recognise cough-variant asthma, as untreated cases progress to more severe forms of asthma, as found by Dr. James T. Li, a Mayo Clinic asthma specialist. Cough-variant asthma accounts for up to 40% of cases of chronic cough, as found in a study published in the journal Chest.

Occupational asthma is a type of asthma triggered by exposure to specific substances in the workplace. These substances, known as sensitizers or irritants, include chemicals, dust, fumes, or animal proteins. A leading expert in occupational asthma, early identification and avoidance of workplace triggers are crucial for managing the condition and preventing long-term lung damage, according to Dr. Susan Tarlo. It is estimated that 15-23% of adult-onset asthma cases are work-related, as found by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), also known as Samter's triad, is a unique form of asthma characterised by sensitivity to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), nasal polyps, and chronic sinusitis. The importance of accurate diagnosis and the avoidance Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory and related NSAIDs for individuals with the condition is emphasised by Dr. Tanya M. Laidlaw, a specialist in AERD. Approximately 7% of adults with asthma are affected by AERD, with a higher prevalence among those with severe asthma .

Nocturnal asthma refers to asthma symptoms that worsen at night. Nocturnal asthma result from hormonal fluctuations, allergen exposure, or other factors, such as lying down, which increase reflux and aspiration, as explained by Dr. Gailen D Marshall, an asthma expert. Up to 74% of individuals with asthma experience nocturnal symptoms at least once a week, as stated in a study published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Proper management of nocturnal asthma is essential to ensure restful sleep and overall well-being. Strategies include optimising medication timing, using air purifiers to reduce allergen exposure, and elevating the head of the bed to minimise reflux-related symptoms .

Severe asthma is a form of the condition that is difficult to control despite regular use of high-dose asthma medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators. Approximately 5-10% of asthma patients have severe asthma, according to a study published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. These individuals require additional treatment options, such as biologics, to achieve adequate symptom control. The importance of personalised treatment plans tailored to each patient's specific needs and underlying asthma phenotypes as highlighted by Dr. Sally Wenzel, a specialist in severe asthma.
Biologic therapies for severe asthma target specific immune pathways involved in the disease's pathophysiology. Examples of such medications include omalizumab, which targets immunoglobulin E (IgE), mepolizumab and reslizumab, which target interleukin-5 (IL-5), and dupilumab, which targets the interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα). Clinical trials and real-world studies have demonstrated that biologic therapies significantly improve asthma control, reduce exacerbations, and enhance patients' quality of life .

 

What are the Causes of Asthma?

Asthma is a complex condition with multiple contributing factors. Understanding the various causes and risk factors is essential for effective prevention, management, and treatment. The primary factors associated with the development and exacerbation of asthma is broadly categorised into genetic factors, environmental factors, infections, obesity, and stress and emotions.

• Genetic Induced Asthma: Genetic Induced Asthma or predisposition plays a significant role in the development of asthma. Studies have shown that having a family history of asthma or related allergic conditions, such as hay fever or eczema, increases an individual's risk of developing the disease . Twin studies have also provided evidence for a strong genetic component in asthma, with heritability estimates ranging from 35-95%. Several genes have been implicated in the development of asthma, with many influencing immune system function and inflammatory responses. Some of the most well-studied asthma-related genes include those encoding for interleukins, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are involved in the regulation of immune responses and inflammation, as well as genes encoding for proteins involved in airway remodelling, such as ADAM33. It is important to understand the genetic basis of asthma to identify potential therapeutic targets and develop personalised treatment strategies, as highlighted by Dr. William O. Cookson, a leading asthma geneticist. Ongoing research in the field of asthma genetics aims to uncover additional genes and molecular pathways involved in the development and progression of the condition, further improving our understanding of the complex disease.
• Environmental Induced Asthma: Environmental factors are known to play a critical role in the development and exacerbation of asthma symptoms. These factors include allergens, air pollution, and tobacco smoke.
• Allergenic Induced Asthma: Allergenic induced asthma is caused by allergens or substances that trigger an immune response in susceptible individuals, leading to allergic asthma. Common allergens include pollen, pet dander, dust mites, and mold spores. Exposure to these allergens cause the release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, leading to bronchoconstriction and asthma symptoms. The importance of identifying and avoiding allergens to minimise asthma symptoms and reduce the risk of exacerbations as emphasised by Dr. Stephen T. Holgate, an expert in asthma and allergy. Strategies for allergen avoidance include using air purifiers, encasing mattresses and pillows in allergen-proof covers, and maintaining a clean and well-ventilated living environment.
• Air pollution Induced Asthma: Air pollution induced asthma is caused by air pollution, both indoor and outdoor, is a significant risk factor for the development and exacerbation of asthma. Common air pollutants include particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. These pollutants cause airway inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to bronchoconstriction and increased asthma symptoms. The public health interventions to reduce air pollution levels and protect vulnerable populations, such as individuals with asthma as highlighted by Dr. Annette Peters, a renowned expert in air pollution and respiratory health,. Measures to minimise exposure to air pollution include staying indoors on high pollution days, using air purifiers, and advocating for cleaner energy and transportation policies.
• Tobacco smoke Induced Asthma: Tobacco smoke, both first-hand and second-hand, is a well-established risk factor for asthma development and exacerbation. Tobacco smoke contains numerous toxic and irritant compounds that cause airway inflammation, increased mucus production, and impaired lung function . Furthermore, maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of asthma in offspring. The importance of smoking cessation and avoidance of second-hand smoke exposure to reduce asthma risk and improve overall respiratory health is emphasised by Dr. James E. Gern, an expert in childhood asthma. Public health campaigns and smoking cessation programs play a crucial role in raising awareness and reducing the burden of tobacco-related asthma.
• Infections Induced Asthma: Infections Induced Asthma is caused by respiratory infections, particularly those caused by viruses such as rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are known to contribute to the development and exacerbation of asthma. Infections cause airway inflammation, increased mucus production, and bronchoconstriction, leading to asthma symptoms and exacerbations . Moreover, early-life viral infections have been linked to an increased risk of developing asthma later in life. The importance of preventing and effectively managing respiratory infections to reduce the risk of asthma exacerbations and improve overall respiratory health as highlighted by Dr. Fernando D. Martinez, a leading expert in asthma and viral infections. Preventive strategies include vaccination, proper hand hygiene, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.
• Obesity Induced Asthma: Obesity is a growing public health concern and has been identified as a significant risk factor for asthma development and severity. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the relationship between obesity and asthma, including increased airway inflammation, altered lung mechanics, and hormonal factors. Studies have shown that weight loss lead to improvements in asthma symptoms, lung function, and quality of life. It is essential to learn what the best asthma diet, and find ways to make a difference to the affects of asthma through food. The importance of weight management and healthy lifestyle interventions to reduce the burden of asthma in obese individuals is emphasised by Dr. Anne E. Dixon, a renowned expert in obesity and asthma. Such interventions include dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and behavioural therapy.
• Stress Induced Asthma: Stress Induced Asthma is caused by stress and strong emotions have long been recognised as triggers for asthma symptoms and exacerbations. Psychological stress lead to the release of stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, which cause airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction . Additionally, stress and anxiety exacerbate asthma symptoms through hyperventilation and increased perception of breathlessness. The importance of addressing stress and emotional factors in the management of asthma is highlighted by Dr. Bruce G. Bender, an expert in the psychological aspects of asthma . Interventions to reduce stress and improve emotional well-being include relaxation techniques, mindfulness practices, and psychological therapy. Read our guide on how to asthma control, for more information.

 

Are there any Medications or substances that cause or worsen Asthma?

Yes, medications and substances cause or worsen asthma symptoms in some individuals. These substances trigger asthma attacks by irritating the airways or causing an allergic reaction, leading to inflammation and constriction of the bronchial tubes. 

Common medications and substances that potentially worsen asthma include beta-blockers, Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), smoke and air pollutants and chemicals and strong odours. 

Beta-blockers are used to treat high blood pressure, heart disease, and certain other conditions, exacerbate asthma symptoms by causing bronchoconstriction. People with asthma must avoid beta-blockers if possible, and opt for alternative medications, as recommended by Dr. James T. Li, a specialist in allergy and immunology at the Mayo Clinic.

Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, trigger asthma symptoms in some individuals. According to a study published in the journal Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, approximately 21% of adults with asthma are sensitive to aspirin, and the sensitivity is more common in those with severe asthma.

Tobacco smoke, air pollution, and other airborne irritants trigger or worsen asthma symptoms. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) warns that exposure to second-hand smoke is particularly harmful to children with asthma, increasing their risk of asthma attacks, respiratory infections, and hospitalisation.

Exposure to chemicals such as cleaning products, perfumes, or paint fumes worsen asthma symptoms for some individuals. The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology recommends using fragrance-free products and ensuring proper ventilation when using chemicals to reduce the risk of triggering asthma.

Understanding and avoiding these substances and medications helps individuals with asthma reduce the risk of asthma attacks and maintain better control over their symptoms. It is crucial to work closely with healthcare professionals to identify potential triggers and develop an appropriate asthma management plan.

 

What is the impact of using Asthma Inhaler without having Asthma?

Asthma inhalers are devices used to deliver medications directly to the lungs, providing fast relief or long-term control of asthma symptoms. They typically contain bronchodilators or corticosteroids to relax and open the airways or reduce inflammation.

Using an inhaler without having asthma is generally not recommended, as it cause potential side effects, such as increased heart rate, tremors, or a drop in potassium levels. Misuse of inhalers mask the underlying cause of breathing difficulties, delaying proper diagnosis and treatment, according to Dr. Richard Lockey, professor of medicine at the University of South Florida.

 

What are the signs and symptoms of Asthma?

Asthma symptoms vary from person to person, but there are several common signs that are typically associated with the condition.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterised by inflammation and constriction of the airways, leading to episodes of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.  Asthma Quiz help individuals figure out is they potentially have asthma. Signs and symptoms of Asthma include shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, coughing trouble sleeping, rapid breathing and difficulty performing physical activities.

1. Shortness of breath

Shortness of breath, or dyspnea, is a common symptom of asthma. It occurs when the airways become inflamed and constricted, making it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs. The shortness of breath is reported by approximately 70% of individuals with asthma as found in a study conducted by Dr. Paul O'Byrne and colleagues. Shortness of breath be particularly distressing and limit an individual's ability to engage in physical activities or daily tasks.

 

2. Wheezing

Wheezing is a high-pitched, whistling sound that occurs during breathing, particularly during exhalation. It is caused by the turbulent airflow through narrowed airways.  Approximately 60-70% of individuals with asthma experience wheezing, according to Dr. Richard Beasley, a leading asthma expert, . Wheezing is be an indicator of uncontrolled asthma and warrant further evaluation by a healthcare professional.

 

3. Chest tightness

Chest tightness or discomfort is often reported by individuals with asthma. The sensation is typically caused by the constriction of airway muscles and inflammation. Approximately 40% of individuals with asthma reported experiencing chest tightness, as was found in a study by Dr. Susan Janson and colleagues. Chest tightness is a distressing symptom, causing anxiety and reduced quality of life.

 

4. Coughing

Coughing is another common symptom of asthma, often described as a persistent, dry cough that be worse at night or after exercise. Coughing in asthma is triggered by airway irritation, inflammation, or increased mucus production. Coughing is reported by approximately 50% of individuals with asthma and significantly impact sleep quality and overall well-being, as found by Dr. Kenneth W. Rundell and colleagues.

 

5. Trouble Sleeping

One of the symptoms of asthma is trouble sleeping, often due to difficulty breathing, coughing, or wheezing at night. Nocturnal asthma disrupt an individual's sleep cycle, leading to increased daytime fatigue and reduced overall quality of life. Proper management of asthma, including the use of medications and maintaining a clean and allergen-free sleeping environment, helps alleviate these night-time symptoms.

 

6. Rapid Breathing

Rapid breathing, or tachypnea, be a sign of asthma, as the body attempts to compensate for the reduced airflow caused by the constriction of the airways. Rapid breathing be more noticeable during an asthma attack or when an individual is exposed to a trigger. Monitoring and managing rapid breathing through the use of medications, such as bronchodilators, and avoiding triggers help keep asthma symptoms under control.

 

7. Difficulty performing physical activities

During physical activity, the body requires more oxygen, which can exacerbate asthma symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. This can lead to a decreased ability to perform physical activities and can make exercise more challenging and uncomfortable for those with asthma. Additionally, exercise-induced asthma is a type of asthma triggered by physical activity and can further limit an individual's ability to engage in physical activities.

 

How do the signs and symptoms of Asthma differ in children and adults?

While the primary signs and symptoms of asthma are similar for both children and adults, there are some differences in presentation and severity. Children have more frequent coughing or wheezing episodes, often triggered by respiratory infections or allergens. In contrast, adults experience more persistent symptoms or have a history of smoking or occupational exposure to irritants. It is essential to work closely with a healthcare professional to identify and manage asthma symptoms, regardless of age.

 

What to do if experiencing Asthma symptoms?

Asthma symptoms, such as difficulty performing physical activities, help lead a person to speak with someone, as it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis. A professional helps develop an asthma management plan tailored to the individual's specific needs, which include the use of medications, avoidance of triggers, and monitoring of lung function. Early identification and management of asthma help reduce the severity and frequency of symptoms, improving overall health and quality of life.

 

Severity of Symptoms

Asthma symptoms vary in severity, and understanding the different levels of severity is crucial for proper management and treatment.

Mild asthma symptoms are generally infrequent, occurring less than twice a week, and have minimal impact on an individual's daily activities. Individuals with mild asthma experience occasional shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, or chest tightness, but these symptoms are generally well-controlled with appropriate medications and trigger avoidance.

Moderate asthma symptoms occur more frequently, typically more than twice a week but not daily. Individuals with moderate asthma experience more pronounced shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, or chest tightness, which limit their ability to engage in physical activities or daily tasks. In some cases, moderate asthma symptoms require a combination of medications and lifestyle modifications for adequate control .

Severe asthma symptoms are persistent, occurring daily or multiple times per day, and often have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. Individuals with severe asthma experience debilitating shortness of breath, frequent wheezing, persistent coughing, or chest tightness that not respond well to standard medications . Severe asthma often requires a more aggressive treatment approach, including the use of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids, montelukast, theophylline and long-acting beta 2 agonists (LABA).

 

How is Asthma diagnosed?

Asthma is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and lung function tests. A thorough evaluation of the patient's symptoms, possible triggers, and family history of asthma or allergies is crucial for accurate diagnosis, according to Dr. Parameswaran Nair, a respirologist and professor of medicine at McMaster University. For more detailed insight into  Asthma Diagnosis and Testing, check out the Welzo guide to learn more about the diagnosis and testing process. 

 

What tests are used to diagnose Asthma?

Asthma is commonly diagnosed through lung function tests. Asthma lung function tests examines the health of a person's lungs and is recommended by a provider when a patient has trouble breathing.

Asthma tests include:

Spirometry: The test measures the amount of air a person  breathe in and out and how fast they do so. It helps assess the narrowing of the airways. For more information on Spirometry, read our in depth guide. 
Peak flow measurement: The test evaluates how well air be forcefully exhaled from the lungs, which indicate the presence of airway constriction. The peak flow is measured using a peak flow meter, to find out how to use a peak flow meter head over to our article. 
Bronchial provocation tests: The tests involve the inhalation of a substance that cause the airways to narrow, such as methacholine, to assess airway reactivity.
Exhaled nitric oxide test: The test measures the level of nitric oxide in the breath, which is elevated in individuals with asthma due to airway inflammation.

There are also specific guideliens available for diagnosisng asthma, a famous example is the BTS Asthma Guidelines or the NICE Guidelines for Asthma.

 

How do the Diagnosis of Asthma differ in children and adults?

The diagnosis of asthma in children and adults follows similar processes, but there is differences in the interpretation and execution of lung function tests. Young children have difficulty performing some lung function tests, such as spirometry, which make diagnosing asthma more challenging. In these cases, healthcare providers rely more on the child's medical history, physical examination, and parental observations to guide diagnosis and treatment.

 

What are the different Treatments for Asthma?

Asthma treatment aims to control symptoms, improve lung function, and prevent future flare-ups. Some common treatments include:

Inhaled corticosteroids: These medications reduce airway inflammation and are often the first-line treatment for long-term asthma management.

Long-acting bronchodilators: These medications help relax and open the airways for an extended period, often used in combination with inhaled corticosteroids.
Short-acting bronchodilators: These medications provide quick relief during an asthma attack by rapidly opening the airways.

Leukotriene modifiers: These oral medications block the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory chemicals involved in asthma. One of the most well known Leukotriene modifiers is Montelukast, learn more about Montelukast: Uses, Side Effects and Interactions.

Asthma treatment prevention: The approach involves identifying and avoiding triggers, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and adhering to prescribed medications to reduce the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms.

 

What are the different Types of Asthma Inhalers?

The different types of inhalers include Ventolin Evohaler, Sirdupla, Ventolin Accuhaler, Bricanyl, Salamol Inhaler, Serevent Evohaler, Airomir and Spiriva Respimat.

Ventolin Evohaler is a popular reliever inhaler containing salbutamol, a short-acting bronchodilator that helps relax the airways and alleviate asthma symptoms. Ventolin Evohaler are purchased online, or by visiting a local pharmacist or doctor, please note the medication requires a prescription and strict monitoring of use over time. Ventolin Evohaler is often used on an as-needed basis to provide quick relief during an asthma attack. 

Sirdupla is a preventer inhaler that combines two active ingredients: fluticasone, a corticosteroid that reduces inflammation, and salmeterol, a long-acting bronchodilator that helps keep airways open. Sirdupla inhalers are purchased online or by visiting a  local pharmacist or doctor, please note the medication requires a prescription and strict monitoring of use over time Sirdupla is typically used daily to manage moderate to severe asthma. 

Ventolin Accuhaler is another reliever medication containing salbutamol. It is a dry powder inhaler, providing an alternative to the traditional aerosol-based Evohaler. Ventolin Accuhaler is used for quick relief during asthma attacks or to prevent exercise-induced asthma. Ventiolin accuhaler are purchased online or by visiting a local pharmacist or doctor, please note the medication requires a prescription and strict monitoring of use over time.

Bricanyl is a reliever inhaler containing terbutaline, a short-acting bronchodilator. It is used to provide rapid relief from asthma symptoms and is be used to prevent exercise-induced asthma. Bricanyl are purchased online, or by visiting a local pharmacist or doctor, please note the medication requires a prescription and strict monitoring of use over time

Salamol Inhaler is a reliever inhaler containing salbutamol, similar to Ventolin Evohaler. Salamol Inhaler are bought online, or by visiting a local pharmacist or doctor, please note the medication requires a prescription and strict monitoring of use over time. It helps relax the airways and provide quick relief during an asthma attack. 

Serevent Evohaler is a long-acting bronchodilator inhaler containing salmeterol. It is typically used as a preventer medication to help keep the airways open and reduce the risk of asthma attacks. Serevent evohalers are bought online or by visiting a local pharmacist or doctor, please note the medication requires a prescription and strict monitoring of use over time. Serevent Evohaler is often used in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid. 

Airomir is a reliever inhaler containing salbutamol, similar to Ventolin Evohaler and Salamol Inhaler. Airomir Inhalers are bought online, or by visiting a local pharmacist or doctor, please note the medication requires a prescription and strict monitoring of use over time.  It provides quick relief during an asthma attack by relaxing the airways. 

Spiriva Respimat is a long-acting bronchodilator inhaler containing tiotropium, primarily used for the treatment of COPD but is be prescribed for severe asthma in some cases. Spiriva Respimat are bought online, or by visiting a local pharmacist or doctor, please note the medication requires a prescription and strict monitoring of use over time. It helps keep airways open and reduce the frequency of asthma attacks. 

It is important to consult a healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate asthma medication for specific needs and to follow the prescribed treatment plan.

 

Does Nebulisers help treat Asthma?

Yes, nebulisers help treat asthma. They are devices that convert liquid asthma medication into a fine mist, which is then inhaled directly into the lungs. According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, nebulisers is particularly useful for individuals who have difficulty using inhalers or require larger doses of medication.

It is important to learn more about Asthma inhalers and which one's right for you to better treat symptoms. 

Asthma symptoms and severity vary over time, and in some cases, asthma worsen with age. Older adults with asthma experience more severe symptoms and a decreased response to medications, according to a study published in The Journal Respiratory Medicine. However, with appropriate management and care, many individuals maintain good control over their asthma symptoms throughout their lives. For those questioning How to Use Asthma Inhalers, the step by step guide includes video tutorials and more information on the inhaler usage. 

 

Can you buy Asthma Medications on Online Pharmacies?

Yes, asthma medications are purchased from online pharmacies such as Welzo. Many legitimate online pharmacies offer prescription and over-the-counter asthma medications. However, it is essential to ensure that the online pharmacy is reputable and operates within legal and safety guidelines. Click here to buy asthma inhalers and treatments.

 

Can you get rid of Asthma?

No, there is currently no cure for asthma, but it are managed effectively with proper treatment and lifestyle adjustments. Some individuals experience a reduction in symptoms over time or periods of remission. However, asthma is a chronic condition, and it is essential to continue working with healthcare providers to monitor and manage symptoms as needed.

 

Can Asthma be prevented?

There is no sure way to prevent the development of asthma, certain strategies reduce the risk and severity of symptoms. Reducing exposure to allergens and irritants, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco smoke help lower the risk of developing asthma and manage existing symptoms, according to Dr. Juan Celedon, chief of the Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine at the UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Additionally, proper adherence to prescribed medications and an individualised asthma management plan help prevent asthma flare-ups and complications.

 

How to live with Asthma?

Living with asthma is challenging, but with proper management, individuals lead healthy and active lives. Effective asthma control involves adhering to prescribed medications, working closely with healthcare providers to develop and update individualised asthma management plans, and identifying and avoiding triggers. Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy lifestyle contributes to better overall health and improved asthma control to help with living with asthma.

Additionally, it is crucial for individuals with asthma to be aware of their symptoms and have a clear action plan in case of an asthma attack, including access to rescue medications and knowing when to seek emergency medical care, find more about care for asthma with our article on Can I Claim Personal Independence Payment (PIP) By being proactive and informed about their condition, individuals with asthma significantly improve their quality of life and minimise the impact of asthma on their daily activities. To find out if asthma is classed as a disability, check out  Is Asthma a Disability? 

 

How to understand Asthma Scientifically?

The respiratory system is a complex network of organs and structures responsible for providing oxygen to the body and eliminating carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism. It consists of the upper respiratory tract (nose, mouth, and throat) and the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, and lungs). Each component plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient gas exchange, which is vital for overall health and well-being.

In the context of asthma, the bronchial tubes, which are part of the lower respiratory tract, are particularly important. These tubes serve as the primary passageways for air to move in and out of the lungs. When functioning properly, the bronchial tubes allow for smooth and uninterrupted airflow. However, in individuals with asthma, these tubes become inflamed, narrowed, and hyperresponsive, leading to the characteristic symptoms of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

The importance of understanding the respiratory system's role in asthma to better manage the condition and develop targeted treatments is emphasised by Dr. Peter J. Barnes, a renowned respiratory expert. By maintaining a healthy respiratory system and effectively controlling asthma symptoms, individuals minimise the impact of the condition on their daily lives.

 

Pathophysiology of Asthma

The pathophysiology of asthma is complex and multifaceted, involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Three primary components contribute to the development and progression of asthma: inflammation, airway obstruction, and bronchial hyper-responsiveness.

Inflammation is the body's natural response to harmful stimuli, such as allergens or irritants, and plays a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. In individuals with asthma, the immune system overreacts to these stimuli, triggering an inflammatory response within the bronchial tubes . The response leads to the release of various inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines, which cause swelling, mucus production, and further recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation.

Dr. Sven-Erik Dahlén, a prominent asthma researcher, highlights the critical role of inflammation in the development and persistence of asthma symptoms. By targeting and reducing inflammation, both pharmacologically and through trigger avoidance, individuals with asthma achieve better symptom control and prevent long-term lung damage.

Airway obstruction is a direct consequence of the inflammatory response in asthma. The combination of bronchial tube swelling, increased mucus production, and thickening of the airway walls leads to a narrowing of the air passages, making it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs . The obstruction is responsible for the characteristic wheezing and shortness of breath experienced by individuals with asthma.

The importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying airway obstruction to develop targeted therapies for asthma as emphasised by Dr. Parameswaran Nair, an expert in airway inflammation and remodelling. Current treatments, such as inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, aim to reduce inflammation and relax the airway muscles, respectively, to alleviate airway obstruction and improve lung function.

Bronchial hyper-responsiveness refers to the increased sensitivity of the bronchial tubes to a variety of triggers, such as allergens, irritants, and respiratory infections. In individuals with asthma, the bronchial tubes are more prone to constrict and narrow in response to these triggers, further exacerbating airway obstruction and inflammation.

 The importance of understanding bronchial hyper-responsiveness in the context of asthma management as emphasised by Dr. E. Rand Sutherland, a leading asthma researcher. By identifying and avoiding specific triggers, as well as using appropriate medications to control bronchial hyper-responsiveness, individuals with asthma achieve better symptom control and reduce the risk of exacerbations.
The exact mechanisms underlying bronchial hyper-responsiveness are not fully understood, but several factors are thought to contribute to the phenomenon. These include increased smooth muscle contractility, impaired airway epithelial barrier function, and altered neural control of the airways. The need for further research to unravel the complex interplay of factors contributing to bronchial hyper-responsiveness and develop novel therapeutic strategies to target the key aspect of asthma pathophysiology as highlighted by Dr. Reynold A. Panettieri Jr., a renowned asthma expert .

 

The respiratory system and its role with Asthma

The respiratory system plays a crucial role in providing oxygen to the body and eliminating carbon dioxide. The system consists of the upper respiratory tract (nose, mouth, and throat) and the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, and lungs). Asthma primarily affects the bronchial tubes, which are responsible for carrying air in and out of the lungs. When asthma occurs, the bronchial tubes become inflamed and constricted, making it difficult to breathe.

 

Pathophysiology of Asthma

Asthma's pathophysiology involves three primary components: inflammation, airway obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Inflammation is the immune system's response to harmful stimuli, such as allergens or irritants. In asthma, inflammation leads to swelling and increased mucus production in the bronchial tubes. Airway obstruction occurs when inflammation and mucus build-up narrow the airways, making it difficult for air to pass through. Finally, bronchial hyperresponsiveness refers to the increased sensitivity of the bronchial tubes to various triggers, causing them to constrict and narrow even further.

 

Related Conditions to Asthma

• Reactive Airway Disease: Reactive airway disease (RAD) is a term often used to describe a set of symptoms similar to those of asthma, particularly in children. Reactive Airway Disease is characterised by increased sensitivity and inflammation of the airways in response to various triggers such as allergens, respiratory infections, or irritants. The diagnosis and management of RAD  is complex, as it encompass various respiratory conditions, including asthma. It is essential to work with a healthcare professional to determine the specific underlying cause of the symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
• Vocal Cord Dysfunction: Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a condition in which the vocal cords close involuntarily when they must open, causing difficulty breathing and sometimes a wheezing sound. Vocal Cord Dysfunction  is often mistaken for asthma due to the similarities in symptoms; however, it is a distinct condition with different causes and treatments. Some common triggers for VCD include respiratory infections, exercise, stress, and exposure to irritants. Treatment for VCD often involves speech therapy, breathing exercises, and addressing the underlying triggers.
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both chronic lung conditions with overlapping symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. However, there are key differences between the two. Asthma is characterised by reversible airway constriction and inflammation, whereas COPD involves irreversible airway obstruction and damage. Asthma typically begins in childhood and has a strong allergic component, while COPD is more commonly seen in older adults and is often associated with long-term smoking.

 

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